Exam 3 PPT Notes - Ch. 13 Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
Bandura’s Approach:
- …: learning by observing other people’s behavior
- influenced by …
- proposed that people learn through …
A
observational learning;
cognitive processes;
vicarious reinforcement
2
Q
Bandura’s Approach:
- vicarious reinforcement: observing the … of others and the …
- …
A
behavior;
consequences of that behavior;
indirect reinforcement
3
Q
Life of Bandura:
- parents stressed the value of …
- challenged …
A
education;
Skinner’s behaviorism
4
Q
Life of Bandura:
- Challenged Skinner’s behaviorism:
- awards:
- 1980- APA’s … award
- 2006 - the American Psychological Foundation’s … Award for …
- awards:
A
Distinguished Scientific Contribution;
Gold Medal;
Life Achievement
5
Q
Modeling:
- observing the behavior of a model and …
- demonstrated through the … studies
A
repeating the behavior;
Bobo doll
6
Q
Modeling:
- demonstrated through the Bobo doll studies:
- children watched an adult … the doll and … when left alone with the doll
- were … than children who did not see this
- children watched an adult … the doll and … when left alone with the doll
A
attack;
modeled the violent behavior;
twice as violent
7
Q
Modeling:
- other modeling studies:
- children’s behavior reflect …
- … can induce behaviors
A
their parents’ behavior;
verbal modeling
8
Q
Modeling:
- …: weakening of inhibitions by observing the behavior of a model
- society’s models affect …, …, … and … behavior
A
disinhibition;
good;
bad;
abnormal;
normal
9
Q
Characteristics of the Modeling Situation:
- Characteristics of the models:
- …
- … and …
- …
A
similarity;
age; sex;
status
10
Q
Characteristics of the Modeling Situation:
- characteristics of the models:
- … displayed
- … and …
- characteristics of observers:
- …
- …
A
type of behavior;
size; weight;
age;
attributes
11
Q
Characteristics of the Modeling Situation:
- Reward consequences of behaviors:
- affects the …
- prevails over …
A
extent of modeling;
characteristics of models and observers
12
Q
Observational Learning Processes:
- … processes
- … processes
- … processes
- … and … processes
A
attentional;
retention;
production;
incentive;
motivational
13
Q
Observational Learning Processes:
- attentional processes:
- developing our cognitive processes and perceptual skills so that we can … to a model, and perceiving the model … enough, to …
- example: …
A
pay sufficient attention;
accurately;
imitate displayed behavior;
staying awake during driver’s ed class
14
Q
Observational Learning Processes:
- Retention Processes:
- … or .. the model’s behavior so that we can … or … it at a later time
A
retaining;
remembering;
imitate;
repeat it
15
Q
Observational Learning Processes:
- Retention processes:
- for this, we use our cognitive processes to form … and … of the model’s behavior
- example: … on the lecture material or the video of a person driving a car
A
mental images;
verbal descriptions;
taking notes
16
Q
Observational Learning Processes:
- production processes:
- translating the mental images or verbal symbolic representations of the model’s beahvior into our own … by …. producing the … and receiving … on the … of our continued practice
A
overt behavior;
physically;
responses;
feedback;
accuracy
17
Q
Observational Learning Processes:
- production processes example:
- getting in a car with an instructor to practice … and … in the school parking lot
A
shifting gears;
dodging the traffic cones
18
Q
Observational Learning Processes:
- incentive and motivational processes:
- perceiving that the mode’s behavior leads to a … and thus expecting that our learning - and successful performance - of the same behavior will lead to …
- example: expecting that when we have mastered driving skills, we will … and …
A
reward;
similar consequences;
pass the state test;
receive a driver’s license
19
Q
Inventive and Motivational Processes:
- incentive to learn is influenced by the …
- … is not always necessary
A
anticipation of reinforcement;
reinforcement
20
Q
Self-Reinforcement:
- Self- set of cognitive processes and structure concerned with … and …
A
thought;
perception
21
Q
Self-Reinforcement:
- administering rewards/punishments to oneself based on …
- failure to meet unrealistic standards causes … and … behavior
A
personal standards;
emotional punishment;
destructive
22
Q
Self-Reinforcement:
- past behavior may become a … for evaluating present behavior and an … for … in the future
A
reference point;
incentive;
better performance
23
Q
Self-efficacy:
- feeling of …, … and … in coping with life
A
adequacy;
efficiency;
competence
24
Q
Self-efficacy:
- low self efficacy leads to feeling …, … quickly and …
A
helpless;
giving up;
self-doubt
25
Self-efficacy:
* people with high self-efficacy believe that they can ..., ..., have reduced fear of ... and have increased ... abilities
overcome obstacles;
persevere;
failure;
analytical thinking
26
Self-efficacy:
* source of information about self-efficacy:
* ..: prior ... or ...
performance attainment;
achievements;
failures
27
Self-efficacy:
source of information about self-efficacy:
* ... experiences - seeing others' ... or ...
* ... - reminding people of their abilities
vicarious;
successful performance;
failures;
verbal persuasion
28
Self-efficacy:
source of information about self-efficacy:
* ... and ... arousal: being ... and ... can lead to higher self-efficacy
physiological;
emotional;
calm;
composed
29
ways of increasing self efficacy:
* exposing people to ... experiences by arranging ...
* exposing people to ... who ...
success;
reachable goals;
appropriate models;
perform successfully
30
ways of increasing self efficacy:
* providing ...
* strengthening ... through ..., ... and ... programs
verbal persuasion;
physiological arousal;
proper diet;
stress reduction;
exercise
31
Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:
* childhood
* infants try to exercise greater influence over their ... and ... environments
* ... diminishes over time
physical;
social;
parental influence
32
Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:
* adolescence:
* success depends on the level of self-efficacy formed ...
* involves coping with ... due to ...
in early years;
new demands;
transitions
33
Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:
* adulthood:
* young adulthood period involves ...
* during the middle years people ... their careers, and family and social lives
adjusting to new experiences;
reevaluate
34
Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:
* old age:
* ... are difficult
* low self-efficacy affects ... and ... functioning
reassessments;
physical;
mental
35
Behavior Modification:
* goal - to modify learned behaviors considered ... by society
* forms of behavior therapy used to deal with fears/phobias:
* ...
* ...
* ...
undesirable;
modeling;
guided participation;
covert modeling
36
Behavior Modification:
* ... can be treated through modeling approach:
* used to treat ... and ...
anxiety;
fear of medical treatment;
test anxiety
37
Behavior Modification:
* ethical issues:
* critics suggest that the clients are ..., ... and ... without their consent
manipulated;
exploited;
controlled
38
advantages of modeling therapy:
* ... are seen wholly
* saves ... and ...
* can be used with ...
complex behaviors;
time;
money;
groups
39
advantages of modeling therapy:
* effective with:
* ...
* ...
* ...
phobias;
obsessive-compulsive disorders;
sexual dysfunction
40
questions about human nature:
* ....:
* behavior is controlled by:
* the individual, through ...
* the environment, through ... events
reciprocal determinism;
cognitive processes;
external social stimulus
41
questions about human nature:
* ... and ... focus
* emphasis is placed on ...
* ...
* ...
past;
present;
uniqueness;
growth process;
optimistic
42
Assessment in Bandura's theory:
* focused on ... variables and ... behavior
cognitive;
overt
43
Assessment in Bandura's theory:
* techniques:
* ...
* ... inventories
* ... measurements
direct observation;
self-report;
physiological
44
Research on Bandura's Theory:
* bandura favored ... investigations
* research topics:
* ...
* ...
* ... and the ...
well-controlled laboratory;
self-efficacy;
collective efficacy;
self-efficacy; internet
45
Research on Bandura's Theory:
* relationship between ... behavior and ... or ...
aggressive;
TV;
online violence
46
Research on self-efficacy:
* studies on self-efficacy have shown that:
* ... score higher than the other sex in self-efficacy when younger
* self-efficacy ... into adulthood, ... in middle age, and ... after age 60
men;
increases;
peaks;
declines
47
Research on self-efficacy:
* studies on self efficacy have shown that:
* those whose parents scored high in parental self-efficacy were ...
* those whose parents were high in self-efficacy did ... in school and had ... anxiety and ... behavioral problems
high in personal self-efficacy;
better in school;
less;
fewer
48
Research on self-efficacy:
* studies on self efficacy have shown that:
* self efficacy is ... in individualistic cultures
* people high in self efficacy:
* earn ... in school
higher;
better grades
49
Research on self-efficacy:
* people high in self efficacy:
* set ... career goals, are ... to attaining those goals and ...
higher;
more committed;
perform better on the job
50
Research on self-efficacy:
people high in self efficacy:
* are in ..., are better able to ... and ... from illness
better health;
tolerate pain;
recover faster
51
Research on self-efficacy:
people high in self efficacy:
* are less likely to ... and ...
* are less likely to experience ..., ..., ... or become ...
drink alcohol;
smoke cigarettes;
depression;
test anxiety;
on-the job stress;
neurotic
52
Research on self-efficacy:
people high in self efficacy:
* score higher in ...
* they ... about themselves
self esteem;
feel good
53
Research on Bandura's Ideas:
* groups that score high in collective efficacy:
* win more ... and get ... in school
* show a higher level of ... to their organization
basketball games;
better grades;
commitment
54
Research on Bandura's Ideas:
* groups that score high in collective effiacy:
* score high in ... and ...
* engage in ... in the classroom
* experience greater ... and ... with their family
job satisfaction;
job performance;
less bullying;
openness;
satisfaction
55
Research on Bandura's Ideas:
* Research on internet self efficacy has found that:
* ... college students in the US score higher than the other sex
* in taiwan, ... in the 8th grade score higher than the other sex
* those high in social self efficacy (confident in their ability to ...) are more likely to become ...
male;
girls;
make new friends;
addicted to the Internet
56
Research on Bandura's Ideas:
Research on internet self efficacy has found that:
* those who feel sure of their ability to make a good impression on others use more ... such as ... on their Facebook page
informal photos;
selfies
57
Research on Bandura's Ideas:
Studies show that aggressive behavior is related to:
* watching ... on TV and online in ...
* playing ... in ..., ... and ...
violent behavior;
childhood;
violent video games;
childhood;
adolescence;
young adulthood
58
Research on Bandura's Ideas:
* cyberbullying:
* is more likely to be practiced by those that are high in ...
* has fewer effects on those who are ...
disinhibition;
high in self-efficacy
59
Reflections on Bandura's Theory:
* criticisms:
* focuses on ... behavior and ignores ... of perosnality
* treats only the ... and not the ...
overt;
human aspect;
symptom;
cause
60
Reflections on Bandura's Theory:
* contributions:
* ... and amenable to ...
* provides a great deal of ...
objective;
lab methods;
empirical support
61
Reflections on Bandura's Theory:
* observational learning and behavior modification are ... and ...
* use of ... can be applied to resolution of problems
pragmatic;
functional;
role models
