Chapter 5 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
as an early feminist, horney argued that psychoanalysis focused more on … than on women’s. To counter Freud’s contention that women are driven by penis envy, she proposed that men are envious of women for their ability to …
A
men’s development;
give birth
2
Q
Horney found that her American patients were so unlike her earlier German patients, both in their neuroses and their normal personalities, that she believed only the … to which they had been exposed could account for such a difference. She concluded that personality does not depend wholly on …, as Freud proposed. If it did, she said, we would not see major differences from one … to another
A
social forces;
biological forces;
culture
3
Q
Horney, like Adler, placed a much greater emphasis than Freud on … and … as significant factors in the formation of personality. She argued that … is not the governing factor as Freud claimed, and she questioned his concepts of the …, the … and the … of personality.
A
social relationships;
interactions;
sex;
Oedipus complex;
libido;
three-part structure;
4
Q
To Horney, people are motivated not by sexual or aggressive forces but rather by the needs for … and …
A
security;
love
5
Q
Horney’s personality theory describes how a lack of love in childhood fosters … and …
A
anxiety;
hostility
6
Q
During her self-analysis, Horney was strongly influenced by Adler’s notion of … for … feelings. She was particularly sensitive to Adler’s remark that … was a cause of such feelings
A
compensation;
inferiority;
physical unattractiveness
7
Q
Horney agreed with Freud on one major point: the importance of the … in shaping the adult personality
A
early years of childhood
8
Q
Horney believed that … forces in childhood, not … forces, influence personality development. There are neither … nor … Instead, the … between children and their parents is the key factor
A
social;
biological;
universal developmental stages;
inevitable childhood conflicts;
social relationship
9
Q
Horney believed that childhood was dominated by the …, by which she meant the need for … and freedom from …
A
safety need;
security;
fear
10
Q
A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents … The major way parents weaken or prevent security is by displaying a lack of … and …
A
treat the child;
warmth;
affection
11
Q
Horney believed children could withstand much that is usually considered traumatic, such as abrupt weaning, occasional beatings, or even premature sexual experiences, as long as they feel … and … and, therefore, …
A
wanted;
loved;
secure
12
Q
parents can act in various ways to undermine their child’s security and thereby induce hostility. These include obvious … for one sibling over another, …, … behavior, …, …, …. and … of the child from peers
A
preference;
unfair punishment;
erratic;
promises not kept;
ridicule;
humiliation;
isolation
13
Q
The child may feel the need to repress the hostility engendered by the parents’ undermining behvaiors for reasons of …, … of the parents, need for … or … feelings
A
helplessness;
fear;
genuine love;
guilt
14
Q
if children are kept in an excessively … state, then their feelings of helplessness will be encouraged. the more helpless children feel, the less they dare to … or … the parents. This means that the child will repress the resulting hostility, saying, in effect, “I have to repress my hostility because …”
A
dependent;
oppose;
rebel against;
I need you
15
Q
Children can easily be made to feel … of their parents through punishment, physical abuse, or more subtle forms of intimidation. The more frightened children become, the more they will … In this instance, the child is saying, “I must repress my hostility because I am …”
A
fearful;
repress their hostility;
afraid of you
16
Q
sometimes, parents tell their kids how much they love them and how much they are sacrificing for them, but the parents’ warmth and affection are not honest. children recognize that these verbalizations and behaviors are poor substitues for genuine love and security, but they are all that is available. the child must repress his/her hostility for …
A
fear of losing even these unsatisfactory expressions of love
17
Q
Guilt is yet another reason why children repress hostility. They are often made to feel guilty about any … or … They may be made to feel unworthy, wicked, or sinful for expressing/even harboring resentments toward their parents. The more guilt the child feels, the more deeply repressed the hostility will be.
This repressed hostility, resulting from a variety of parental behaviors, undermines the childhood need for … and is manifested in the condition Horney called …
A
hostility;
rebelliousness;
safety;
basic anxiety
18
Q
Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being … and …. in a hostile world” It s the foundation on which all later … develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of …, … anad …
A
lonely;
helplessness;
neuroses;
hostility;
helplessness;
fear
19
Q
In childhood we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: … and …, being …, attaining …, or …
A
securing affection;
love;
submissive;
power;
withdrawing
20
Q
By securing affection and love from other people, the person is saying, in effect, “If you love me, you …” There are several ways by which we may gain affection, such as trying to do …, trying to … others, or … others into providing the desired affection
A
will not hurt me;
whatever the other person wants;
bribe;
threatening
21
Q
Being submissive as a means of self-protection involves … with the wishes of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment. Submissive people avoid doing anything that might … others
They must repress their … and cannot … for fear that doing so will antagonize the abuser
A
complying;
antagonize;
personal desires;
defend against abuse
22
Q
By attaining power over others, a person can compensate for … and achieve security through … or through a sense of …
Such people seem to believe that if they have power, …
A
helplessness;
success;
superiority;
no one will harm them
23
Q
The fourth way of protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from other people, not physically but psychologically. Such a person attempts to become … of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal/external needs
The withdrawn person achieves independence with regard to internal/psychological needs by becoming … from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs. The process involves a …., or …, of emotional needs. By renouncing these needs, the withdrawn person guards against … by other people
A
independent;
aloof;
blunting;
minimizing;
being hurt
24
Q
The four self-protective mechanisms Horney proposed have a single goal: to defend against … They motivate the person to seek … and … rather than … or …
A
basic anxiety;
security;
reassurance;
happiness;
pleasure
25
The four self-protective mechanisms Horney proposed are a defense against ...,not a pursuit of ... or ...
pain;
well-being;
happiness
26
Horney believed that the four self protective mechanisms could be more compelling than sexual/other physiological needs. These mechanisms may reduce anxiety, but the cost to the individual is usually an ... personality
Often, the neurotic will pursue the seaarch for safety and security by using ... of these mechanisms, and the ... among them can lay the groundwork for additional problems
impoverished;
more than one;
incompatibility
27
horney believed that any of the self-protective mechanisms could become so permanent a part of the personality that it assumes the characteristics of a ... or ... in determining the individual's behavior. She listed 10 such needs, which she termed ... bc they are ... solutions to one's problems
drive;
need;
neurotic needs;
irrational
28
The 10 neurotic needs are:
1. ... and ...
2. ...
3. ...
4. ...
5. ...
6. ...
7. ... or ...
8. ...
9. ...
10. ...
1. affection and approval
2. a dominant partner
3. power
4. exploitation
5. prestige
6. admiration
7. achievement or ambition
8. self-sufficiency
9. perfection
10. narrow limits to life
29
Gaining affection is expressed in the neurotic need for ...
Being submissive includes the neurotic need for a ...
affection and approval;
a dominant partner
30
Attaining power relates to the needs for:
* ...
* ...
* ...
* ...
* ... or ...
power;
exploitation;
prestige;
admiration;
achievement; ambition
31
withdrawing includes the needs for:
* ...
* ...
* ...
self-sufficiency;
perfection;
narrow limits to life
32
None of the needs is abnormal or neurotic in an everyday, transient sense. What makes them neurotic is the person's intensive and ... pursuit of their satisfaction as the ... way to resolve basic anxiety. When that happens, the neurotic need becomes increasingly severe, then ..., as it overtakes and comes to ... the personality.
compulsive;
"only";
tyrannical;
dominate
33
Satisfying these needs will not make us feel safe and secure but will only help us to ... caused by our ... They will do nothing for the ...
escape the discomfort;
anxiety;
underlying anxiety
34
When we pursue gratification of these needs solely to cope with anxiety, we tend to ... and compulsively seek its satisfaction ...
focus on only one need;
in all situations
35
From horney's work with patients, she concluded that the needs could be presented in three groups, each indicated a person's attitudes toward the ... and ... She called these three categories of directional movement the ...
self;
others;
neurotic trends
36
the neurotic trends invovle compulsive attitudes and behaviors; that is, neurotic persons are compelled to behave in accordance with at least one of the neurotic trends. They are also displayed ..., in any and all situations. The neurotic trends are:
* movement ... other people - the ... personality
* movement ... other people - the ... personality
* movement ... other people - the ... personality
indiscriminately;
toward;
compliant;
against;
aggressive;
away from;
detached
37
the compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to ... Such a person has an intense and continuous need for ... and ..., an urge to be ..., ... and ...
move toward other people;
affection;
approval;
loved;
wanted;
protected
38
Compliant personalities display these needs toward everyone, although they usually have a need for .., such as a friend or spouse, who will ... and offer ... and ...
one dominant person;
take charge of their lives;
protection;
guidance
39
compliant personalities ... other people, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals
compliant people are concerned with living up to others' ... and ..., and they act in ways others perceive as ... and ...
manipulate;
ideals;
expectations;
unselfish;
generous
40
Compliant personalities are ... They subordinate their ... to those of other people
they are willing to ... and ..., never being assertive, critical, or demanding
conciliatory;
personal desires;
assume blame;
defer to others
41
Conciliatory Personality:
* they do whatever the situation requires, as they interpret it, to gain ..., ... and ...
* Their attidue toward themselves is consistently one of ... and ...
affection;
approval;
love;
helplessness;
weakness
42
Conciliatory Personality:
* they regard other people as ..., and even in situations in which they are competent, they see themselves as ...
* Because the security of compliant personalities depends on the attitudes and behavior of other people toward them, they become excessively ..., needing constant ... and ...
superior;
inferior;
dependent;
approval;
reassurance
43
Horney found that compliant persons have repressed profound feelings of ... and ...
They have a desire to ..., ... and ... others, the opposite of what their behaviors and attitudes express. Because their hostile impulses must be repressed, compliant personalities become ..., always trying to please and asking nothing for themselves
defiance;
vindictiveness;
control;
exploit;
manipulate;
subservient
44
Aggressive personalities:
* although their motivation is the same as that of the compliant type, to alleviate basic anxiety, aggressive personalities never display ...
* They act ... and ... have no regard for others
fear of rejection;
tough;
domineering
45
Aggressive personalities:
* To achieve the control and superiority so vital to their lives, they must consistently perform at a ... level
* by excelling and receiving recognition, they find satisfaction in having their ... affirmed by others
* bc aggressive personalities are driven to ... others, they judge everyone in terms of the ... they will receive from the relationship
high;
superiority;
surpass;
benefit
46
Aggressive personalities:
* They make no effort to appease others but will argue, criticize, demand, and do whatever is necessary to achieve and retain ... and ...
* They may actually become ... in their careers, although the work itself will not provide ... Like everything else in their lives, work is a ..., not an end in itself.
superiority;
power;
highly successful;
intrinsic satisfaction;
means to an end
47
Aggressive personalities:
* aggressive personalities are driven by ..., ... and ...
insecurity;
anxiety;
hostility
48
Detached personality:
* people described as detached personalities are driven to move away from other people and to maintain an ...
* to achieve this total detachment, they strive to become ... If they are to function as detached personalities, they must rely on their own ..., which must be well developed
emotional distance;
self-sufficient;
resources
49
Detached personality:
* Detached personalities have an almost desperate desire for ... They need to spend as much time as possible ..., and it disturbs them to share even such an experience as listening to music.
* Their need for independence makes them sensitive to any attempt to ..., ... or ... them
* Detached personalities must avoid all ...
privacy;
alone;
influence;
coerce;
obligate;
constraints
50
Detached personality:
* They need to feel ..., but not in the same way aggressive personalities do. because detached people cannot actively compete with other people for superiority - that would mean becoming involved with others - they believe their greatness should be ...
superior;
recognized automatically
51
Detached personality:
* One manifestation of this sense of superiority is the feeling that one is ..., that one is ... and ... from everyone else
unique;
different;
apart
52
Detached personality:
* detached personalities suppress/deny all ... toward other people, particularly those of ... and ...
feelings;
love;
hate
53
Detached personality:
* Because of the constriction of their emotions, detached personalities place great stress on ..., ... and ...
reason;
logic;
intelligence
54
Horney's compliant personality is similar to Adler's ... type, the aggressive personality is like the ... or ... type, and the detached personality is similar to the ... type
getting;
dominant; ruling;
avoiding
55
Horney found that in the neurotic person, one of these three trends is ... whereas the other two are present to a lesser degree
dominant
56
The dominant neurotic trend is the one that determines the person's ... and ... toward others. This is the mode of acting/thinking that best serves to ..., and any deviation from it is threatening to the person.
For this reason, the other two trends must actively be ..., which can lead to additional problems.
Any indication that a repressed trend is pushing for expression causes conflict within the individual
behaviors;
attitudes;
control basic anxiety;
repressed;
57
conflict is defined as the basic ... of the three neurotic trends; this conflict is the core of ...
incompatibility;
neurosis
58
The difference between the normal person and the neurotic person lies in the ... of the conflict; it is ... in the neurotic
intensity;
much more intense
59
The difference between the normal person and the neurotic person lies in the intensity of the conflict; it is much more intense in the neurotic.
Neurotic people must battle to keep the ... from being expressed. They are ... and ..., meeting all situations with the behaviors and attitudes that characterize the dominant trend, regardless of their suitability
non-dominant trends;
rigid;
inflexible
60
In the person who is not neurotic, all three trends can be expressed as circumstances warrant.
The trends are not ... and can be integrated harmoniously within the personality. The normal person is ... in behaviors and attitudes and can ... to changing situations.
mutually exclusive;
flexible;
adapt
61
In normal people, the self image is built on a ... appraisal of our abilities, potentials, weaknesses, goals, and relations with other people. This image provides a sense of ... and ... to the personality and a ... within which to approach others and outselves.
If we are to realize our full potential, a state of self-realization, our self-image must clearly reflect our ...
realistic;
unity;
integration;
framework;
true self
62
Neurotics, who experience conflict between incompatible modes of behavior, have personalities characterized by ... and ... They construct an ... for the same purpose as normal people do: to unify the personality. But their attempt is doomed to failure bc their self-image is not based on a ... of their strengths and weaknesses. Instead, it is based on an ..., an unattainable ideal of ...
disunity;
disharmony;
idealized self-image;
realistic appraisal;
illusion;
absolute perfection
63
In attempting to realize this unattainable ideal, neurotics engage in what Horney called the ...
Because they find their real self-image so undesirable, they bleive they must live up to their illusory, idealized self-images, in which they seem themselves in a ..., for example, being virtuous, honest, generous considerate and courageous
tyranny of shoulds;
highly positive light
64
tyranny of the shoulds: an attempt to realize an ... by ... the true self and behaving in terms of what we think we ...
unattainable idealized self-image;
denying;
should be doing
65
Neurotics believe they must live up to their idealized self image
in doing so, they deny their real selve and try to become what they think they should be, or what they need to be to match their idealized self-image. However, their effrots are doomed to failurel. They can never achieve their unrealistic self-image and end up in a state of ... with no ability to ... themselves or others
self-hatred;
forgive
66
Although the neurotic/idealized self image does not coincide with reality, it is ... and ... to the person who created it
the neurotic person believes that the incomplete and misleading self picture is ... The idealized self image is a model of what the neurotic thinks he/she is, can be, or should be
real;
accurate;
real
67
The Neurotic's Self-Image:
a realistic self image on the other hand, is ... and ..., adapting as the individual develops and changes
flexible;
dynamic
68
The Neurotic's Self-Image:
* A realistic self image reflects ..., ... and ...
strengths;
growth;
self-awareness
69
The Neurotic's Self-Image:
* The realistic image is a ..., something to strive for, and as such it both ... and ... the person
goal;
reflects;
leads
70
The Neurotic's Self-Image:
* By contrast to the realistic self iamge, the neurotic self-image is ..., ... and ...
static;
inflexible;
unyielding
71
The Neurotic's Self-Image:
* It is not a goal but a ..., not an inducement to growth but a ... demanding rigid adherence to its proscriptions
* the neurotic has little self confidence because of ... and ... and the idealized self image does not allow for correction of those deficiencies. It provides only an illusory sense of ... and alienates the neurotic from the ...
fixed idea;
hindrance;
insecurity;
anxiety;
worth;
true self
72
The Neurotic's Self-Image:
* the slightest crack in the neurotic's idealized self-picture threatens the ....
false sense of superiority
73
one way in which neurotics attempt to defend themselves against the inner conflicts caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self images is by ..., projecting the conflicts onto the ...
* This process may temporarily alleviate the anxiety caused by the conflict but will do nothing to ... between the idealized self image and reality
externalization;
outside world;
reduce the gap
74
externalization involves the tendency to experience conflicts as though they were occurring ... It also entails depicting ... as the source of the conflicts
outside of one;
external forces
75
feminine psychology: to Horney, a revision of ... to encompass the psychological conflicts inherent in the traditional ideal of ... and ...
psychoanalysis;
womanhood;
women's roles
76
womb envy: the envy a male feels toward a female because seh can ... and he cannot. womb envy was Horney's response to Freud's concept of .... in females
bear children;
penis envy
77
Men have such a small part to play in the act of creating new life that they must subliminate their womb envy and overcompensate for it by seeking ... Womb envy and the resentment that accompanies it are manifested unconsciously in behaviors designed to ... and ... women and to reinforce their ...
achievement in their work;
disparage;
belittle;
inferior status
78
Underlying such typical male behavior is a sense of ... deriving from their ...
Horney did not deny that many women believed themsleves to be inferior to men. What she questioned was Freud's claim of a ... basis for these feelings
inferiority;
womb envy;
biological
79
As a result of these feelings of inferiority, women may choose to ... and to wish, unconsciously, that they were ... Horney referred to this as the ..., a condition that can lead to ...
deny their femininity;
men;
flight from womanhood;
sexual inhibitions
80
Flight from Womandhood:
* part of the sexual fear associated with this condition arises from childhood fantasies about the difference in size between the ... and the female child's ...
* The fantasies focus on ... and the pain of ... This produces a conflict between the unconscious desire to ... and the fear of intercourse. If the conflict is sufficiently strong, it can lead to emotional disturbances that manifest themselves in relations with men. These women ... and ... men and reject their ...
adult penis;
vagina;
vaginal injury;
forcible penetration;
have a child;
distrust;
resent;
sexual advances
81
By removing sex from the Oedipus complex, she reinterpreted the situation aas a conflict between ... on one's parents and ... toward them
We discussed parental behaviors that undermine the satisfaction of the childhood need for safety and security and lead to the development of hostility. At the same time, the child remains ... on the parents so that expressing hostility is ...
dependence;
hostility;
dependent;
unacceptable
82
* ... remain and create basic anxiety
* Horney's explanation for Oedipal feelings lies in ... that evolve from ... interactions. These feelings are not based on ... or other ... forces, nor are they ... They develop only when parents act to ... their child's security
hostile impulses;
neurotic conflicts;
parent-child;
sex;
biological;
universal;
undermine
83
Horney argued that women must seek their own ..., as she did, by developing their ... and pursuing ... These contrasting traditional and more modern roles create conflicts that some women to this day have difficulty resolving
identity;
abilities;
careers;
84
Horney noted that different ... and ... view women's roles in different ways. Thus, there can be many different ...
cultures;
social groups;
feminine psychologies
85
Horney's image of human nature is considerably more ... than Freud's. One reason for this was her belief that biological forces do not condemn us to conflict, anxiety, neurosis, or universality in personality. To Horney, each person is ... Neurotic behavior, when it occurs, results from ...
optimistic;
unique;
social forces in childhood
86
Neuroses and conflicts can be avoided if children are raised with ..., ... and ...
love;
acceptance;
trust
87
Each of us has the innate potential for ..., and this is our ultimate and necessary goal in life
The only thing that can obstruct our development is the thwarting in childhood of our need for ... and ...
self-realization;
safety;
security
88
Horney also believed that we have the capacity to ... and ... our personality. Bc human nature is flexible, it is not formed into immutable shapes in childhood. Each of us possesses the capacity to grow. Therefore, ... may be as important as those of childhood
consciously shape;
change;
adult experiences
89
So confident was Horney of our capacity for self-growth that she emphasized ... in her therapeutic work as well as in her own life. She noted our ability to help ... On the issue of free will versus determinism, then, Horney argued in favor of the former. We can all shape our lives and achieve self-realization
self-analysis;
resolve our own problems
90
The methods Horney used to assess the functioning of the human personality were essentially those favored by Freud - ... and ... - but with some modification.
Horney believed that Freud played too ... a role and was too distant and intellectual. She suggested that analysis should be an "exquisitely ... enterprise" between patient and therapist.
She adopted an attitude she called ...
free association;
dream analysis;
passive;
cooperative;
constructive friendliness
91
Horney believed that patients could easily distort/hide aspects of their inner lives or falsify feelings about events that they remembered. Instead, Horney focused on her patients' ... toward her, believing that these could explain her parents' attitudes toward other people. She did not delve into presumed infantile sexual fantasies but inquired about the .... of patients' life only after evaluating their present ..., ..., and ....
visible emotional reactions;
early years;
attitudes;
defenses;
conflicts
92
Horney believed that each attitude or feeling resulted from a deeper, ..., which in turn had resulted from a deeper one, and so on. Through free association, the analyst gradually uncovered patient's ... and ..., similar to peeling the layers of an onion
pre-existing attitude;
early experiences;
emotions
93
Horney believed that dream analysis could reveal a person's ..., and that dreams represented attempts to ..., in either a constructive or a neurotic way.
true self;
solve problems
94
Dreams can show us a set of attitudes that may differ from those of our ...
Horney did not offer a list of universal dream symbols but insisted that each dream be explained within the context of the ... Focusing on a dream's ..., she concluded that the "safest clue to the understanding of a dream is in the feelings of the patient as he has them in the dream"
self-image;
patient's conflict;
emotional content
95
A 35-item self-report inventory, the ..., was devised to measure Horney's three neurotic trends, the Compliant, Aggressive, and Detached personality types
The ..., a 57-item self-report inventory, is another measure of Horney's three neurotic trends. Research with children and with college students confirmed this assessment as a valid measure of the compliant, aggressive and detached personality types
* Other studies using college student responses on this assessment found that men tended to score higher on the ... and ... scales, whereas women scored higher in ....
CAD;
Horney-Coolidge Type Indicator (HCTI);
aggressive;
detached;
compliance
96
Research showed a relationship between horney's 3 neurotic types and various personality disorders. Aggression and detachment correlated highly with ...; compliance was associated with ...
psychoticism;
neuroticism
97
Horney used the ....
Horney was opposed to taking ... of her patients' recollections
However, she tried to be rigorous and scientific in her clinical observations, formulating ..., testing them in therapeutic situations, and maintaining that her data were tested the same way scientists in other fields test theirs
case study method;
verbatim notes;
hypotheses
98
Researchers have studied Horney's 3 proposed neurotic trends, redefining them as follows:
* moving .. people (...)
* moving ... from people (...)
* moving ... people (...)
against;
ill-tempered;
away;
shy;
toward;
dependent
99
Ill-tempered children, both boys and girls, tended to become ... adults, prone to ... and ...
ill-tempered;
divorce;
downward occupational mobility
100
Shy boys became ... adults who experienced marital and job ...
On the other hand, shy girls manifested no such problems later in life
aloof adults;
instability
101
Dependent boys became ..., ..., ... and ... adults with stable marriages and careers; the opposite was found for dependent girls
agreeable;
socially poised;
warm;
giving
102
A study dealing with the neurotic trends of moving against people (aggressive) and moving away from people (detached) compared measures from aggressive and detached children at ages 7 to 13 with their behavior 5 to 7 years later. Those high in aggressiveness were found to be low in ... and to have ...
Those who were detached or withdrawn were found to have ... and ... self-images. The researchers concluded that Horney's proposed personality types had predictive value for later behavior
school achievement;
psychiatric problems;
inaccurate;
negative
103
Research using the CAD inventory found that college students preparing for careers in helping professions such as nursing and social work scored higher in ... than did students considering careers in business or science.
The business students, on a more competitive career path, scored higher on ... Science students scored highest on the ... scale
compliance;
aggression;
detached
104
A study conducted in Iran found that people who scored high in aggression had significantly more ... than people who scored low on aggression
automobile accidents
105
Research with college students asked them to recall three things they did during the week prior to the study. They were also asked to indicate whether they did those things because they felt they should or ought to do them, or whether they had really wanted to do them. Students who had done more things because they genuinely wanted to rather than because they felt they should, scored significantly higher on ... than those whose behavior was directed primarily by what they believed they out to do
general life satisfaction
106
Horney spoke of ... as a major aspect of contemporary culture. She defined it as an indiscriminate need to ... at all costs
neurotic competitiveness;
win
107
Self report inventories, such as the ... and the ... were developed to measure the concept of neurotic competitiveness
Hyper-competitive Attitude Scale (HCA);
Neurotic Competitiveness Inventory (NCI)
108
People who scored high on competitiveness were also high in ..., ..., ..., ..., and ... and low in ... and ...
narcissism;
neuroticism;
authoritarianism;
dogmatism;
mistrust;
self-esteem;
psychological health
109
Those who deliberately avoided competitiveness showed higher levels of ... and a lower drive to prove themselves in ... situations.
Hyper-competitive men were also found to be ... or ..., who believe that women are ... who deserved neither respect nor consideration
neuroticism;
competitive;
hyper-masculine;
macho;
sex objects
110
A comparison of college students in the US and the Netherlands found that the Americans scored higher in ..., suggesting cultural differences in this aspect of their personality
hyper-competitiveness
111
Researchers identified two types of competitiveness: competing to win (CW) in order to dominate others, and competing to excel (CE) to surpass one's personal goals.
CE competing was linked to high ... and low ... among hs students. In general, teen boys scored higher on ... than teen girls. However, girls who did score high on this measure showed greater ... and ... and had fewer ... that girls who scored low on this measure.
self-esteem;
depression;
CW;
depression;
loneliness;
close friends
112
Horney's ideas may be more relevant to problems inherent in ... today than ideas of Freud, Jung, or Adler were.
Many personality researchers see Horney's conception of the neurotic trends as a valuable way to categorize ... behavior.
Others accept Horney's emphasis on ..., the. need for ... and ..., the role of ... and the importance of the ...
American culture;
deviant;
self-esteem;
safety;
security;
basic anxiety;
idealized self-image
113
Horney's work had a significant impact on the personality theories developed by Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow.
Maslow used her concept of the ... and ... and her notion of basic anxiety is similar to Erikson's concept of ...
real self;
self-realization;
basic mistrust
114
To the Freudians, Horney's denial of the importance of ... and her reduced emphasis on ... and the ... were obvious weaknesses.
Horney's personality theory has also been criticized on the grounds that it is not as completely or consistently developed as Freud's.
Another criticism is that her observations and interpretations were too greatly influenced by the ... in which she developed so much of her theory
biological instincts;
sexuality;
unconscious;
middle-class American culture
115
Horney's writings on ... and ... may constitute the most influential of her contributions, of value to scholars on the role of ... well more than 50 yrs after Horney's death
feminine psychology;
sexuality;
women in society
116
Horney's 10 Neurotic Needs:
1. affection and approval - desire to ..., living up to ... of others
2. parner - seeks someone who will ..., fear of being ...
please others;
expectations;
take them over;
left alone
117
Horney's 10 Neurotic Needs:
3. restricting one's life: ..., ..., content with ..., ...
undemanding;
modest;
little;
inconspicuous
118
Horney's 10 Neurotic Needs:
4. power - seeking ... and ... of others, dreading ...
5. exploiting others - ... others, ... of others, etc
seeking domination;
control;
weakness;
using;
taking advantage
119
Horney's 10 Neurotic Needs:
6. social recognition and prestige - seeking ..., dreading ...
7. personal achievement - strives to be ..., ... others, ..., dreading ...
public acceptance;
humiliation;
best;
defeating;
ambitious;
failure
120
Horney's 10 Neurotic Needs:
8. personal admiration - self-..., seeks ... by others
9. self sufficiency and independence - trying not to ... others, maintaining ... from others, dreading ...
inflating;
admiration;
need;
distance;
closeness
121
Horney's 10 Neurotic Needs:
10. perfection and unassailability - driven towards ..., dreads ... and ....
superiority;
flaws;
criticism
