Exam 3: Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive Flashcards
(300 cards)
1
Q
gill arch, 1 side has filaments/lamellae?
A
Hemibranch
2
Q
2 rows of lamellae/filaments?
A
Holobranch
3
Q
looks like there is a branch but there isn’t?
A
Psudobranch
4
Q
Prevents food particles from entering?
A
Gill rakers
5
Q
what do internal gills develop from?
A
the pharynx; as evaginations called pharyngeal pouches
6
Q
Branchial arch carrying two rows of respiratory lamellae/filaments?
A
Holobranch
7
Q
lamellae/filaments only on one side
A
Hemibranch
8
Q
resembles a gill in structure?
A
Pseudobranch
9
Q
Which chamber on the posterior wall has no demibranch?
A
5th chamber
10
Q
how many ‘naked’ gill slits are there?
A
5
11
Q
What has to be included in a structure for it to be Holobranch?
A
- 2 Demibranches
+ - Septum &
associated cartilage - Blood vessels
- Muscles
- Nerves
12
Q
Where does the interbrachial septum lie between?
A
Between 2 demibranches of a gill arch
13
Q
Anterior & posterior walls of which gill chambers have a gill surface? (Demibranch)
A
1st - 4th
14
Q
What are the 3 types a septum can be?
A
full/complete, partial, or none
15
Q
How many gill slits does a bony fish have?
A
5
16
Q
What is the cover over the gills called on a bony fish?
A
Operculum
17
Q
Teleost =?
A
Bony fish
18
Q
What are the gill characteristics of a Bony Fish?
A
no septum and free demibranches; teleost
19
Q
What does a swim bladder do?
A
serves as hydrostatic organ
20
Q
What does a hydrostatic organ do?
A
regulates fish specific gravity
21
Q
Open/function for respiration (bowfin/lungfish)
A
Physostomous
22
Q
Closes off/ NOT function for respiration (teleost)
A
Physoclistous
23
Q
Directly connected to digestive tract
A
Physostomous
24
Q
NOT directly connected to digestive tract
A
Physoclistous
25
Diffuses gas from blood
swim bladder
26
Muscles attached to the swim bladder contract to move air over the bladder. vibration creates sound in fish
sound production
27
swim bladder of lungfish has number subdivisions or septa (to increase surface area) & O2 and CO2 is exchanged between the bladder & blood
respiration
28
pressure waves via swim bladder and small bones called Weberian ossicles
hearing
29
What things help a fish to hear
swim bladder and Weberian ossicles (small bones)
30
Amphibians have what kind of pressure breathing?
positive pressure ventilation
31
How many air sacs do amphibians have?
2 simple sacs
32
Respiration through the skin
cutaneous respiration
33
Primary respiratory mode during colder temps
cutaneous respiration
34
Scales prevent cutaneous respirations
reptiles
35
Underwater hibernation - Cloaca cutaneous respiration in :
turtles
36
Thick skin prevents cutaneous respirations
mammals
37
What animals have simple sacs and NO diaphragm?
snakes and lizards
38
Crocodiles have a diaphragm true or false?
True
39
Hard shell makes expansion hard
turtles
40
Must use limbs for lung ventilation?
turtles
41
How do turtles respire?
Expels air from lungs by pushing their limbs out of shell then expands lungs
42
Have complex lungs with large surface areas and volume
turtle
43
Air sacs distributed throughout most of the body
Avian (Bird)
44
Where gas exchange takes place
Parabronchi
45
Unidirectional flow, no dead end spaces
Arrangement
46
What composes the upper respiratory system?
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
47
What composes the lower respiratory system?
Larynx, trachea. bronchi, and lungs
48
Paired arytenoid/Cricoid/Thyoid/small cartilages/epiglottis
Mammals
49
2 pair cartilages: Arytenoid/Cricoid
Tetrapods
50
Which classes of animal have vocal cords
amphibians/lizards/most mammals
51
What animals have a syrinx
Aves (vocal cord of a bird)
52
True vocal cords contain no blood vessels, true or false?
True; they obtain oxygen from false vocal cords
53
Runs length of neck
trachea
54
Cartilaginous rings
trachea
55
Tracheal bifurcation
trachea
56
The act/process of inhaling (O2 from external environment) and exhaling (CO2)
respiration
57
Pumping of water in gills and air in lungs
ventilation
58
Environment exchange
external respiration
59
Exchange with tissues
internal respiration
60
Exchange through the skin
cutaneous respiration
61
Fissure is divided into 2 parts
Superior and inferior
62
IN thoracic cavity
lungs
63
Primary structure - alveoli
lungs
64
Indentation on lungs
Helium
65
Superior tip: Base - Inferior surface (rests on diaphragm)
Apex
66
Concavity for heat
Cardiac notch
67
Left lung is smaller or bigger than the right?
smaller than the right lung
68
Separated into superior & inferior lobes by oblique fissure
Left lung
69
Superior, middle, inferior lobes separated by oblique & horizontal fissures
Right lung
70
Thin, double-layered serous membrane
Pleurae
71
Covers inner surface of thoracic wall (heart & lungs) & extends over diaphragm
Parietal pleura
72
Inner layers on tip of lungs (external lung surface)
Visceral pleura
73
Provides lubrication & reduces surface friction to assist in expansion & recoil
Pleural fluid
74
The pleura cavity each contains how many lung
1 lung
75
What are the steps of Neg Pressure breathing
Breathing in:
1. Chest expands
2. Diaphragm contracts downward
Breathing out:
1. Chest contracts downward
2. Diaphragm relaxes and goes back up
76
What does the vertebrate circulatory system transport?
Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones
77
What does the vertebrate circulatory system consist of?
Aortic arches
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Heart
78
Arteries carry blood to the heart or away from the heart?
Away from the heart
79
Veins carry blood to the heart or away from the heart?
To the heart
80
Deoxygenated blood is still what % oxygenated?
75%
81
Aortic arches are found where?
Within pharyngeal arches
82
What are the characteristics of arteries?
*Carries blood away from heart
*Muscular, elastic fibrous walls
*Regulates blood pressure
*Terminate in capillary bed
83
What are the characteristics of veins?
*Carry blood toward heart
*Less muscle in walls, but are elastic
*Valves in some vertebrate
*Begin at the end of capillary beds
84
What are the characteristics of the heart?
*Modified blood vessels
*Muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
*Pacemaker - SA node (sets rhythm of heart)
85
Horses DO NOT have valves, true or false?
True
86
Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) blood exchange will take place at what level?
Capillary level
87
How many aortic arches are there?
6 aortic arches
88
Vessel carrying the blood from the heart to the early aortic arches
Truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis
89
Leads to the 6th aortic arches
Pulmonary trunk
90
Leads to the 3rd and 4th aortic arches
Aortic trunk
91
Shunts blood away from the lungs and into the dorsal aorta
Ductus arteriosus
92
Supplies the embryonic respiratory membranes with blood
Dorsal aorta
93
Which aortic arches are lost in a Teleost?
1st and 2nd
94
What does the dorsal aorta become in Teleost's?
The internal carotids
95
What aortic arches are lost in tetrapods?
1st, 2nd, and 5th
96
In tetrapods, which arch does the pulmonary artery stem from?
6th arch (Dorsal segment is lost)
97
The dorsal segment is dropped between which arches in tetrapods?
3rd and 4th
98
Where is the common carotid found on a tetrapod?
Between 3rd and 4th arches
99
Where does the ventral aorta extend into in tetrapods?
The external carotid
100
Which arches are lost in Reptiles?
1st, 2nd, and 5th
101
Connects pulmonary artery and descending aorta ******
Ductus arteriosus
102
The ductus Coroticus is lost in which animals?
Reptiles
103
The Ductus arteriosus is lost in which animals?
Reptiles
104
In reptiles how are the aortic arches laid?
The left side loops right
The right side loops left
105
What does the aortic arches being looped help with in reptiles?
It creates a spiral to start to keep blood separated
106
In mammals which aortic arches are retained embryonically?
3rd, 4th, and 6th
107
Which aortic arches are lost in adult mammals?
1st, 2nd, and 5th
108
The 3rd carotid arch is found in which animals?
Mammals
109
The 4th systemic arch is found in which animals?
Mammals
110
True or False: the dorsal segment of the 6th aortic arch is lost in mammals?
True
111
Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in mammals
Ductus arteriosus
112
Which animals have a right aortic arch and have lost the left?
Birds
113
Mammals have a ____ aortic arch
Left aortic arch
114
What are the primary venous channels?
Cardinals (embryonically)
Renal portal
Lateral abdominals
Hepatic portals
Coronary veins
Pulmonary veins (higher vertebrate)
Posterior Vena Cava (higher vertebrate)
115
Receives blood from head
Anterior
116
Receives blood from kidneys
Posterior
117
Directs blood to sinus venosus
Common
118
What does the sinus venosus turn into?
The SA node (pacemaker)
119
Receives blood from abdominal stream to iliac
Lateral abdominals
119
Receives blood from caudal vein
Renal portal
119
Goes to liver and cleans out toxins
Vitellins
120
Receives blood from intestine into liver
Hepatic portals
121
Post cardinal is lost in most of what type of adult animal?
Anurans (Amphibians)
121
New vessel in amphibians
Post cava
121
Receives blood from the myocardium
Coronary veins
121
Takes blood from the lungs to the heart in higher vertebrate
Pulmonary veins
122
The post cava drains kidneys in which animal?
Turtle
123
All cardinal turn into what in amphibians?
Post cava
124
Common cardinals in higher vertebrate?
Pre-cava
125
Anterior cardinal veins
Internal jugular
126
Only right pre-cava retained
Anterior vena cava
127
Vestige of right post cardinal veins
Azygous
128
Remnant of left post cardinal
Hemiazygous
129
Post cava
Inferior vena cava
130
A cartilaginous fish heart has how many chambers?
Single-circuits heart with 2 chambers
131
In a fish heart, what receives blood from duct of Cuvier, coronary veins, and hepatic veins?
Sinus venosus
132
Fish heart: Thin walled muscular sac
Atrium
133
Fish heart: thick muscular wall
Ventricle
134
AV valve regulates flow between what?
The atrium and ventricle
135
Dumps blood into the conus
Ventricle
136
Leads into ventral aorta
Conus arteriosus
137
What prevents the backflow of blood?
Conal valves that become --> (semilunar valves)
138
Processes of the fish heart in order
*Starts with ventral aorta
*Then moves to the conus
*Then to the semilunar valves
*Next it moves into the ventricle
*It then moves into the atrioventricular valve
*After this it moves to the atrium
*Then to the sinus venosus
*Finally it ends at the common cardinal vein
139
A muscular extension of ventricle
Conus arteriosus
140
A muscular extension of the ventral aorta
Bulbus arteriosus
141
What is absent and replaced by the bulbus arteriosus?
Conus arteriosus
142
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
3 chambers
143
Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Ventricular trabeculae
144
Deoxygenated blood will always return where?
The right atrium
145
Which animals allow for oxygenated blood to return from lungs to be seperated from deoxygenated blood brought back systemically?
Amphibians
146
Amphibians have a partition within the atrium, true or false?
True
147
A reptile has how many chambers in their heart?
3 chambered heart
148
Reptiles have ___ spiral valve
No
149
Reptiles have 2, 4, or 6 aortic trunks
2
150
What are the 2 aortic trunks in reptiles?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
151
What did the partial septum ion reptiles allow for?
Allows them to be more oxygenated
152
Where does the pulmonary trunk emerge from in a reptile?
Emerges from the right ventricle
153
Reptiles have a complete interatrial septum, true or false?
True
154
Mammals, crocodiles, and birds have a how many chambered heart?
4 chambers
155
What is the 4 chambered heart made up of?
2 atria and 2 ventricle
156
What does the sinus venosus become in mammals, crocodiles, and birds?
Sino-atrial node (pacemaker)
157
Flap on the side of the atrium?
Auricle
158
What kind of interatrial and interventricular septum do mammals, crocodiles, and birds have? Complete or incomplete?
Complete
159
In mammalian embryo where does the fetus blood oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occur?
The placenta
160
During a dive, a crocodile does pump blood to its lungs. True or False
False, during a dive, blood is NOT pumped to the lungs
161
In crocodiles, what is the valve between aortic trunk to divert blood during a dive
Foramen of Panizza
162
In crocodiles, what allows the left ventricle to pump to both arches when right ventricle is closed?
Foramen of Panizza
163
What are the 3 regions of the embryonic digestive tract in a vertebrate?
The midgut
The foregut
The hindgut
164
contains yolk or attached yolk sac
Midgut
165
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
Foregut
166
Large intestine and cloaca
HIndgut
167
Function of the mouth/oral cavity
Capturing and gathering food
Taste
Manipulate fluids and solids in the cavity
Swallowing
Grooming
Speech/sound
168
Mouth is specialized to serve as a suckling and masticatory organ
Mammal
169
Do fish have a long or short oral cavity?
Very short
170
Do tetrapods have a long or short oral cavity?
typically longer
171
How far does the oral cavity go?
From the mouth to the pharynx
172
Internal nares empty into oral cavity
Primary palate
173
Nasal passages are located above the secondary palate and open at the end of the oral cavity
Secondary palate
174
A fish tongue is ___? Mobile or immobile
Immobile
175
An amphibians tongue is ___? Mobile or immobile
Mobile
176
soft connective tissues, and the epithelial covering that lies above the hyoid arch
Fish; immobile tongue
177
*Specialized tongue
*Shoots out of the mouth to capture food
*Muscle from the hyoid arch
*Connective tissues of the hyoid arch
*Epithelium of the oral lining
*Glandular field area
Amphibians; mobile tongue
178
Immobile in floor of oral cavity, can't extend
Turtles, crocodiles, some birds
179
Curved ____ ____ allows for storage of tongue
Hyoid bone
180
Forked to fit into Jacobson's organ
Snakes
181
Creates anterior 2/3rds of the tongue foramen cecum develops into thyroid gland
Tuberculum impar
182
Hyobranchial muscle which grows forward from somite regions of neck
Mammals
183
Which pharyngeal arch helps to develop the epiglottis?
arch 3
184
The tongue is attached to the floor of oral cavity via what?
Frenulum
185
Whate do oral glands secrete?
Saliva
Poison (snakes, lizards, mammals)
Anticoagulant (Vampire bats)
186
Near the lips
Labial
187
Near palate
Palatal
188
salivary gland: release venom (venom sac, where saliva is made.)
Parotid
189
Largest of the salivary glands
Parotid
190
Below mandible
Submandibular
191
Maxillary
Near maxilla
192
Below tongue
Sublingual
193
How do most vertebrates (except mammals) replace teeth?
In waves (Back to front)
194
Mammals generally have 2 sets of teeth, what are they?
Milk teeth (deciduous) and permanent teeth
195
What are some examples of vertebrates that are toothless
Some toads
Turtles
Birds
Baleen whales
196
Evolved from dermal armor
Teeth
197
What is the composition of teeth?
Dentin
Enamel
Pulp
Cementum
Periodontal Ligament
198
Like bone
Dentin
199
Harder than bone
Enamel
200
Hardest substance in the body?
Enamel
201
Root cavity
Pulp
202
Cement paradental ligament to bone
Cementum
203
Some bones aren't anchored, true or false?
True
204
What type of animal have acrodont teeth?
Fish
205
What type of animals have Pleurodont teeth?
Snakes, lizards
206
What type of animals have thecodont teeth?
Crocodiles and mammals
207
Rests on lingual side (toward the tongue)
Pleurodont teeth
208
Sits in a socket and has a deep root
Thecodont teeth
209
What kind of tooth is continuously replaced?
Pleurodont teeth
210
All teeth are shaped alike; all look the same
Homodont dentition
211
Teeth exhibit morphological variation
Heterodont dentition
212
What type of animals have homodont dentition?
Vertebrates other than mammals
213
What type of animals have heterodont dentition?
Mammals
214
What are incisors main function?
Cutting
215
What are canines main function?
Piercing and tearing
216
What are premolars and molars main function?
Macerating
217
How many teeth do puppies have?
28
218
How many teeth do adult canines have?
42
219
How many teeth do kittens have?
26
220
How many teeth do adult felines have?
30
221
How many teeth do equines have?
40 or 42
222
How many teeth do Porcine have?
44
223
How many teeth do Bovine have?
32
224
What is the dental formula for a puppy?
i3/3 c1/1 p3/3
225
What is the dental formula for an adult canine?
I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3
226
What is the dental formula for an adult feline?
I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1
227
What is the dental formula for a kitten?
i3/3 c1/1 p3/2
228
What is the dental formula for an equine?
I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M1/1
229
What is the dental formula for a porcine?
I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3
230
What is the dental formula for a bovine?
I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3
231
Gives rise to slits
Pharyngeal pouches
232
The root of the tongue comes from which pharyngeal pouch?
2
233
The pharynx is a respiratory organ in which animal?
Fish
234
Opening that leads to the stomach?
Esophogus
235
Opening of auditory tube, equalize pressure
Eustachian tube
236
Slit to the larynx
Glottis
237
What covers the glottis in mammals?
epiglottis
238
How is the glottis divided?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
239
Muscular tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach
esophogus
240
What is the use of the crop and which animal can it be found in?
Used to store food in birds
241
Muscular chamber at the end of the esophagus
stomach
242
What are the uses of the stomach?
Storage
Secretes gastric juices
Macerates solids
243
Runs from the esophagus to the stomach
Cardiac sphincter
244
Single chambered stomach
Monogastric stomach
245
Hindgut fermenters, large cecum in the back
Horses and rabbits
246
What are some animals that are omnivores?
Humans, rats, dogs, pigs
247
What animal is a carnivore
Cats
248
What are a couple animals that are herbivores
Horses and rabbits
249
What are the regions of a monogastric stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum to pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter
Pylorus (Whole region)
Rugae
Lesser Curvature
Greater curvature
250
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
Keeps things where they ought to be
251
What does the gizzard do?
Grinds up food with the help of things like stones
252
What are the 2 parts of a bird and crocodile stomach?
Proventriculus and the gizzard
253
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Teleost
254
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Amphibian
255
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Bird
256
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Mammal
257
How many chambers is a ruminant stomach (foregut fermenters)
4 chambered stomach
258
What are some animals that have a ruminant stomach
Cattle, sheep, goats, deer
259
How does an animal with a ruminant stomach eat?
They swallow their food, regurgitate it to chew on it some more before swallowing it again
260
Most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach
Reticulum
261
Honeycomb arrangement in the stomach
Reticulum
262
Aid in mixing
Ruman
263
What are the long muscular folds of rumen wall called?
Pillars
264
Breaks down food particles further and propels food to abomasum
Omasum
265
Similar to monogastric stomach "true stomach"
Abomasum
266
What type of stomach is this?
Ruminant stomach
267
What is the structure labeled 1?
Rumen
268
What is the structure labeled 2?
Reticulum
269
What is the structure labeled 3?
Omasum
270
What is the structure labeled 4?
Abomasum
271
Between the stomach and cloaca/anus
Intestines
272
What does the small intestine do?
Digestion
273
What does the large intestine do?
Absorption
274
The small intestine is divided into how many segments
3 segments
275
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
276
1st segment of the SI
Duodenum
277
The majority of the SI
Jejunum
278
Leads into the large intestine (colon)
Ileum
279
Fish and amphibians have what kind of LI (Colon)
Straight and short
280
Amniotes LI are divided into 3 different parts, what are they?
Colon
Rectum
Anus
281
What is the colon divided into?
Ascending
Transvers
Descending
Sigmoid
282
Allows passage from small intestine into the large intestine
Ileocecal valve
283
S-shaped region at rectum
Sigmoid flexure
284
Aids in absorption
Cecum
285
Common chamber for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products to empty
Cloaca
286
Shallow or non-existent in lampreys, ray-finned fishes, and mammals
Cloaca
287
If no cloaca is present the Large Intestine/Rectum opens into what?
The exterior via anus
288
What are the 2 accessory organs?
Liver/Gallbladder and the pancreas
289
What does the liver produce?
Bile
290
Where is the bile stored that the liver produces?
Gall bladder
291
The gallbladder is absent in most of which type of animal?
Birds
292
Secretes pancreatic juice
Pancrease
293
What are the 3 bile ducts called?
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Hepatic Ducts
294
What does the bile aid in doing?
Breaking down fats for efficient digestion
295
Enzymes to help digest carbs, fats, and proteins can be found where?
Pancreas
