Lab Exam 2: Turtle, Pigeon, Brain, and Eye Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What are the scutes on a turtle?
A
Plate-like scale that covers the bony shell of the turtle.
2
Q
What is the carapace on a turtle?
A
The dorsal convex part of the shell structure.
It consists primarily of the animal’s rib cage, dermal armor, and scutes
3
Q
What is the plastron of a turtle?
A
Thin hard shell that covers the ventral (lower side) of a turtle.
The turtle’s ribs and other bones are attached to the plastron.
4
Q
What is the Nuchal shell on a turtle?
A
The scute directly above the head
5
Q
What is the vertebral shell on a turtle?
A
Part of the shell that protects the spinal cord.
6
Q
What is the costal shell on a turtle?
A
The lateral scutes (Towards the side)
7
Q
What is the pygal shield on a turtle?
A
This shield is present just above the tail of the turtle is an extension of the spinal column.
The main work of this part is to keep the tail in place on visit at the time of use, like during urine or mating.
8
Q
What is the marginal shell in turtles?
A
Scutes on the very edge of the shell
9
Q
What is the lower mandible in turtles?
A
The lower jaw
10
Q
What are the external nares in turtles?
A
their nostrils
11
Q
What are the eyes in turtles?
A
Turtles have flat corneas and spherical lenses which allow them to see clearly both underwater and out of water.
They have an even distribution of rods and cones.
12
Q
What is the trachea in turtles?
A
Turtles are obligate nasal breathers, taking in air through the external nares and into the internal nares to the trachea.
13
Q
What are the lungs in turtles?
A
Turtles have lungs, which are located on either side of the heart and connected to the windpipe and throat via the trachea.
Main respiratory organ
14
Q
What is the stomach in turtles?
A
Processes food
15
Q
What is the pancreas in turtles?
A
produces digestive enzymes.
16
Q
What is the anus in turtles?
A
The anus or better known as the cloaca, is used for sexual reproduction and egg laying as well as for expelling waste. They also engage in a process called cloacal respiration during hibernation.
17
Q
What is the bladder in turtles?
A
The urinary bladder is a highly elastic single sack-like structure located along the midline of the pelvis.
Temporary storage organ for urine
18
Q
What is the ovary in turtles?
A
Female reproductive tract
The ovary is located posterior to the lung and extends towards the cloaca
19
Q
What is the small intestine in turtles?
A
Lining of the walls are textured. Begins to ferment leftover food to increase nutrition levels.
Divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ilium.
20
Q
What is the large intestine in turtles?
A
Divided into cecum, the colon, and the rectum,
Dehydrates what’s left of the food from small intestine and forms it into stool.
21
Q
What is the liver in turtles?
A
Cleans toxins out of the blood
22
Q
What is the heart in turtles?
A
3 chambered heart
suspended between the lungs and the ribs
2 atria, 1 ventricle
23
Q
What is the esophagus in turtles?
A
*well-developed papillae line the esophageal wall
*Muscular and contracts to transport food
*Held in place by both connective tissue and muscles
24
Q
What is the gullet in turtles?
A
Food is taken in and passed through the gullet.
25
What is the beak in turtles?
Small, flat piece of bone with 2 sides that is attached to the roof of the mouth.
It is used to bite down harder when eating and it helps them to chew since they do not have teeth.
26
What is the glottis in turtles?
Small opening positioned behind the tongue that acts as a barrier between the pharynx and the larynx when swimming underwater, diving, or eating.
27
What is the pectoralis major muscle in turtles?
Paired, superficial muscle located on the anterior surface of the thoracic cage.
Found in the pectoral region.
28
What is the nictitating membrane muscle in turtles?
A transparent third eyelid
29
Which area of the shell is marked in yellow?
Vertebral Scutes
30
Which area of the shell is marked in Blue?
Costal Scutes
31
Which area of the shell is marked in pink?
Nuchal scute
32
Which area of the shell is marked in orange?
Marginal scutes
33
What region on a turtle's shell is this?
Plastron (Underside of a turtle's shell)
34
What part of a turtle's shell is this?
Vertebral Scute
35
What part of a turtle's shell is this?
Nuchal scute
36
What part of a turtle's shell is this?
Costal scute
37
What part of a turtle's shell is this?
Marginal scute
38
What is the larynx of a turtle?
The larynx is a hollow tube that sits at the top of the throat and contains anatomical features adapted to produce sound waves.
39
Name all of the areas on this turtle:
1: Neck
2: Mandible
3: Mouth
4: Nose/External nares
5: Eyes
6: Head
7: Nuchal scutes
8: Vertebral scutes
9: Costal scutes
10: Pygal shield
11: Tail
12: Hind leg
13: Marginal scutes
14: Nails/Claw
15: Front leg
40
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 1 internal.
mouth
41
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 2 internal.
larynx
42
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 3 internal.
trachea
43
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 4 internal.
bronchus
44
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 5 internal
stomach
45
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 6 internal
bladder
46
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 7 internal
Large intestine
47
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 8 internal
Cloaca
48
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 9 internal
small intestine
49
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 10 internal
pancreas
50
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 11 internal
gall bladder
51
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 12 internal
liver
52
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 13 internal
lung
53
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 14 internal
esophagus
54
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 1 skeletal
humerous
55
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 2 skeletal
ulna
56
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 3 skeletal
radius
57
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 5 skeletal
tibia
57
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 4 skeletal
vertebrae
58
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 6 skeletal
fibula
59
Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 7 skeletal
femur
60
Identify 1 in the turtle
Esophagus
61
Identify 2 in the turtle
trachea
62
Identify 3 in the turtle
lungs
63
Identify 4 in the turtle
stomach
64
Identify 5 in the turtle
left liver lobe
65
Identify 6 in the turtle
right liver lobe
66
Identify 7 in the turtle
gallbladder
67
Identify 8 in the turtle
small intestine
68
Identify 9 in the turtle
cloaca
69
By looking at this claw is it a male or female turtle?
female
70
By looking at this claw is it a male or female turtle?
male
71
By looking at the cloaca of this turtle, is it a male or female?
female
72
By looking at the cloaca of this turtle, is it a male or female?
male
73
What is this a photo of?
Turtle skin
74
What is this a photo of?
Turtle lung
75
What is the structure labeled A and what does it do?
Esophagus: this is the passage from the mouth to the stomach
76
What is the structure labeled B and what does it do?
Trachea: This is the airway/windpipe of the turtle
77
What is the structure labeled C and what does it do?
The lungs are the two main respiratory organs
78
What is the structure labeled D and what does it do?
Heart: The heart pumps blood through the body
79
What is the structure labeled E and what does it do?
Stomach: This is part of the digestive tract and is located between the esophagus and the intestines
80
What is the structure labeled F and what does it do?
Intestines: This digestive tract organ comes after the stomach
81
What is the structure labeled G and what does it do?
Pancreas: This organ is responsible for producing digestive enzymes
82
What is the structure labeled H and what does it do?
Liver: The liver produces bile
83
What is the structure labeled I and what does it do?
Bladder: The bladder stores urine
84
What is the structure labeled J and what does it do?
Rectum: This is the final part of the digestive tract
85
What is the structure labeled K and what does it do?
Anus: This is the digestive tract's outlet
86
What is the mesentery in a turtle?
The mesentery is an organ which surrounds the organs of the gut and suspends them from the abdominal wall.
87
what is the trachea in a pigeon?
The trachea is a long, cylindrical and flexible tube running backward through the neck.
It occurs beneath the esophagus and is displaced to the left in the middle region by the crop.
88
What is the pigeons feather shaft?
The shaft that supports the vanes is called the rachis. The bottom part of the rachis is called the calamus, which is hollow, supports no vanes, and anchors the feather in a follicle below the bird’s skin’s surface.
89
What is the shaft called that supports the vanes in a pigeon feather?
Rachis
90
What is the bottom part of the rachis called?
Calamus
91
What is the barb on a pigeon feather?
Barbs are branches coming off the shaft. They form the vanes. Each barb has its own central axis with barbules branching off on two sides.
92
What is the barbules of a pigeon feather?
Barbules are mini barbs that grow from the central shaft of each barb. And the barbules have hooklets.
93
What is shown in this photo?
Pigeon skin
94
What kind of feather is this?
Down feather
95
What kind of feather is this?
Filoplume
96
What kind of feather is this?
Contour
97
What is aqueous humor?
clear fluid filling the area between the lens and the cornea, composed mostly of water; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.
98
What is the blind spot?
area of the retina where the receptor cells converge to form the optic nerve.
99
What is the choroid?
thin, dark sheet of tissue between the retina and the sclera
100
What are cones?
receptor cells of the retina that are responsible for perceiving color
101
What is the cornea?
transparent covering that allows light to enter the eye; on a preserved specimen, the cornea is cloudy
102
What is hyaloid fossa?
indention in the center of the vitreous body that supports the lens
103
What is the iris?
diaphragm that regulates the size of the pupil
104
What is the lens?
biconvex transparent structure that focuses the light coming in through the cornea and pupil
105
What is the optic nerve?
bundle of nerve cells that send signals from the eye to the brain
106
What is the pupil?
opening through which light enters the eye
107
What is the retina?
light-sensitive portion of the eye composed of receptor cells called cones and rods
108
What are rods?
receptor cells of the retina that are responsible for perceiving difference in light sensitivity
109
What is the sclera?
outer covering of the eyeball; a tough, opaque sheet of connective tissue that protects inner structure of the eyeball and helps maintain rigidity
110
What is the tapetum?
iridescent portion of the choroid tissue
111
What is the vitreous body?
the cavity between the retina and the back of the lens
112
What is the vitreous humor?
viscous fluid fills the vitreous body; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
113
What is the zonula cilaris?
ligaments that suspend the lens and stretch it to focus vision
114
What brain is this?
Reptile/Alligator
115
What brain is this?
Primitive fish (dogfish shark)
116
What brain is this?
Large mammals (horse)
117
What brain is this?
Bird (pigeon)
118
What brain is this?
Small mammal (rat)
119
What brain is this?
Bony fish (trout)
120
What brain is this?
Amphibian/Frog
121
Arachnoid mater
middle of three layers (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord
122
Cerebellum
Part of the brain that controls balance and muscle coordination; located inferior to the cerebrum
123
Cerebral aqueduct
Channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles and containing cerebrospinal fluid
124
Cerebrum
Two hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure; largest portion of the mammalian brain
125
Choroids plexus
network of capillaries located in the roof of ventricles; contributes to production of cerebrospinal fluid.
126
Corpus callosum
large band of nervous tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
127
Cortex
Outer portion of the cerebrum
128
Cranial nerves
Twelve pairs of nerves that leave the brain.
129
Diencephalon
region of the brain made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus.
130
Dura mater
tough connective tissue layer that serves as the outer layer of the meninges.
131
Gray matter
areas of the brain and spinal cord containing cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; found in the cerebral cortex of the brain and inner portion of the spinal cord.
132
Gyri
the folds of the cerebral cortex(singular = gyrus).
133
Hippocampus
a region below the lateral ventricles; involved with emotional states and converting short-term memory to long-term memory.
134
Hypophysis
pituitary gland; controls a number of endocrine glands.
135
Hypothalamus
part of the diencephalon; inferior to the thalamus and responsible for regulation and maintenance of internal homeostasis by controlling body temperature, appetite, fluid balance, etc.
136
Medulla
the most inferior portion of the brain stem; contains centers for heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Also contains reflex centers controlling coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, etc.
137
Midbrain
the part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon.
138
Olfactory bulb
contains cell bodies of neurons that synapse with neurons of the olfactory nerves.
139
Optic chiasma
crossing point of the optic nerves
140
Pia mater
innermost of the meninges layers
141
Pineal body
endocrine gland located in the roof of the third ventricle; secretes melatonin.
142
Pons
anterior to the medulla; contains nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum with other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
143
Sulci
grooves between gyri of the brain (singular = sulcus).
144
Thalamus
part of the diencephalon, superior to the hypothalamus; serves as a sensory relay center. Most sensory nerves enter it and their impulses are sent to the appropriate cerebral region.
145
Ventricle
one of four cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
146
White matter
bundles of myelinated axons within the brain and spinal cord; found in the inner portions of the cerebrum and outer regions of the spinal cord.
147
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the supracoracoideus?
origin: coracoclavicular membrane
insertion: humerus
action: elevation of elevation
148
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the pectoralis?
origin: sternum
insertion: humerus
action: depression of wing
149
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the biceps?
origin: coracoid & humerus
insertion: posterior surface of radius, proximal end of ulna
actin: flexes antebrachium on branchium
150
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the triceps?
origin: scapula & humerus
insertion: olecranon process
action: extension of branchium
151
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Extensor?
origin: humerus
insertion: carpometatrsus
action: extends manus
152
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the flexers?
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
153
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qE1woas-SrA
Pigeon dissection
154
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKZrOClCYrg
Turtle pt 2
155
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsBJ4vyoLKQ
Turtle pt 3
