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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Exam 3 Review sheet > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review sheet Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical Barrier

A

rinse, flush, or trap pathogens to limit their spread into the body

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2
Q

Mechanical Barrier: Examples

A

tears, urine, saliva, mucus membranes

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3
Q

Chemical Barrier

A

may directly attack invaders or establish environments that limit pathogen survival in or on a particular tissue

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4
Q

Lysozyme

A

found in secretions (e.g., tears, breast milk) and breaks down bacterial cell walls

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5
Q

Inflammation

A

essential to healing and immunity, but if unregulated it starts to damages our own tissues

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most numerous white blood cells in circulation
Contain multilobed segmented nucleus
First leukocytes recruited to injured tissues

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7
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Account for ~25% of circulating WBC
Contain large rounded nucleus and limited cytoplasm
Include Natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and T cells

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8
Q

Eosinophils

A

Account for <5% of the total WBC population
Possess granules containing diverse enzymes and antimicrobial toxins
Combat parasitic infections

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9
Q

Basophils

A

<1% of WBC population
Possess granules packed with defense molecules (e.g., histamine)
Combat parasitic infections and have roles in allergic responses

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10
Q

Monocytes

A

Account for ~10% of circulating leukocytes
Levels can increase due to chronic infections and inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and certain cancers
Migrate out of the circulatory system into tissues and mature into macrophages

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11
Q

Macrophages

A

Highly phagocytic
Destroy a wide range of pathogens

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12
Q

Granulocytes

A

cells with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained

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13
Q

Agranulocyte

A

lack granules in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Cytokine

A

Signaling proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other, initiating and coordinating immune actions

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15
Q

Hapten

A

stimulates the production of antibody molecules only when conjugated to a larger molecule, called a carrier molecule

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16
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that, if presented in the right context, may trigger an immune response

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17
Q

Immunological memory

A

Secondary exposure to the same antigen is rapid and effective

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18
Q

Immune

A

Specific protection conferred by adaptive immune responses

19
Q

Susceptible

A

Not immune to a given pathogen and it may cause infection

20
Q

Which cells are APCs ?

A

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B cells

21
Q

What role does an APC do?

A

APCs show antigen to T cells

22
Q

How is lysozyme an important part of the innate immune system?

A

Since they’re a form of chemical barrier they directly attack the pathogen by breaking down bacterial cell walls.

23
Q

What are the goals of the first-line defenses?

A

Attempt to prevent pathogen entry

24
Q

What are the goals of the second-line defenses?

A

When first line defenses are breached, parts of the secondary are activated

25
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

26
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

27
Q

What does primary Lymphoid tissue do?

A

Site of production and maturation of leukocytes

28
Q

What does secondary lymphoid tissue do?

A

Filter lymph

29
Q

Innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity

A

Innate:
Inborn, ancient protection existing in one form or another in all eukaryotic organisms
Generalized responses
Non-specific immunity

Adaptive:
Only in vertebrate animals
Matures over time
Responses tailor to pathogens
Typically requires 4–7 days to fully activate
Exhibits memory

30
Q

structure of an antibody

A

2 heavy protein chains
2 light protein chains
Held together by covalent bonds

31
Q

the role of antibodies

A

Bind to antigens that are triggered B cell’s activation
directly neutralize antigens to prevent them from interacting with target host cells

32
Q

what are the 5 different antibodies?

A

Snow Gathers At Every Door:
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

33
Q

what do the 5 different antibodies do?

A

IgM: Made early in infection upon a primary antigen exposure
IgG: Crosses the placenta. Detecting IgG to a particular antigen indicates the patient has been exposed to that antigen
IgA: Found in secretions (e.g., tears, saliva, sweat, and breast milk)
IgE: Functions to fight parasites and mediate allergic responses
IgD: Unknown

34
Q

What are the different WBCs?

A

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast Cells
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Dendritic Cells

35
Q

Roles for Neutrophil

A

First leukocytes recruited to injured tissues
Release potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
Phagocytize foreign cells and viruses
Elevated neutrophil count may indicate an acute bacterial infection
Most numerous white blood cells in circulation

36
Q

Role for Eosinophils:

A

Account for <5% of the total WBC population
Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain red-orange
Possess granules containing diverse enzymes and antimicrobial toxins
Exhibit moderate phagocytic activity
Combat parasitic infections

37
Q

Role For Basophils:

A

<1% of WBC population
Contain a double-lobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules
Possess granules packed with defense molecules (e.g., histamine)
Combat parasitic infections and have roles in allergic responses

38
Q

Role for Mast Cells:

A

Release histamine
Play a role in allergies and fighting parasites
Able to conduct phagocytosis
Common in tissues near body openings (e.g., skin and mucous membranes of the airway and gastrointestinal tract)

39
Q

Role for Lymphocytes:

A

Account for ~25% of circulating WBC
Contain large rounded nucleus and limited cytoplasm
Include Natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and T cells

40
Q

Role for Monocytes:

A

Largest agranular white blood cells
Account for ~10% of circulating leukocytes
Migrate out of the circulatory system into tissues and mature into macrophages (which are highly phagocytic)

41
Q

Role for Dendritic Cells:

A

Highly phagocytic
Found in most body tissues
Patrol tissues and phagocytize a broad range of antigens

42
Q

What is the role of MHC I in the immune response?

A

Presenting Intracellular Antigens to T Cytotoxic Cells

43
Q

What is the role of MHC II in the immune response?

A

Presenting Extracellular Antigens to T Helper Cells

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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