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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Final Exam Review Sheet > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Sheet Flashcards

1
Q

HSV1

A

Mouth cold soars
Herpes Simplex Virus-1
Treated by: Acylivere

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2
Q

HSV2

A

Known as Herpes simplex virus-2
The main cause of Genital Herpes and Neonatal Herpes
Can result in ulcers after infection
Goes dormant in peripheral nerve, near where lesions developed
No cures for herpes
Teardrop on rose pedal soars

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3
Q

HPV

A

cause the most common STI in the world
HPV causes ~90% of cervical cancers
>200 known subtypes of HPV, 40 subtypes are sexually transmitted
Types 6 and 11 are best known for causing genital warts
Detected for PAP Smear

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4
Q

Chancroid

A

Disease caused by Gram-negative nonmotile rod Haemophilus ducreyi
more common in men than women
Common cofactor for HIV transmission
Ulcerative lesions

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5
Q

Trachoma

A

A biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis
responsible for the blindness or visual impairment of about 1.9 million people
Infection spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes or bedding) and by flies that have been in contact with infected person
Leads to permanent damage to the cornea
Treatment: Erythromycin eyedrops

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6
Q

TORCH pathogens: how do they cause disease

A

vertically transmitted to a developing fetus

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7
Q

Pap smears, advantages and disadvantages?

A

Cervical brush removes cervical cells for microscopic evaluation
Easy and cheap evaluation of the cells

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8
Q

Which STI have vaccines available?

A

Human papilloma viruses (HPVs)

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9
Q

Which can be easily treated with antibiotics?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhea

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10
Q

Which organism is most often responsible for neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Gonorrhea, uses erythromyesin

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11
Q

Ureteritis

A

inflammation of the ureter

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12
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

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13
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the kidneys

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14
Q

Urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra

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15
Q

Condylomata lata

A

Associated with: Syphillis (Trepedima pallidum)

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16
Q

Uncomplicated UTI

A

occurs in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure; tends to resolve quickly, without recurrence, using first-line drugs
E.coli is an example

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17
Q

Complicated UTI

A

usually occurs in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations, or immune-compromised people; may not respond to first-line drug therapies, and tends to recur

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18
Q

Secondary bacteremia

A

Common places: Bladder and lungs

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19
Q

How can Urinary catheters increase the chance of CAUTIs?

A

they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder

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20
Q

Urine cultures

A

Sheep Blood Trypticase Soy Agar (BAP) & MacConkey Agar
Calibrated Loop 0.001 ml or 1ul

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21
Q

Quantification methods for bacteria

A

<1,000 cfu/ul = negative urine culture= negative / no growth
1,000- 9,000 cfu/ul = clinically insignificant
10,000- 50,000 cfu/ul = positive urine culture = ID + Sensi
>100,000 cfu/ul = acute positive urine culture = ID + Sensi

22
Q

Urine Dipstick test – what does it indirectly measure?

A

Indirectly assesses WBC levels by checking for an enzyme called leukocyte esterase
Nitrite Levels

23
Q

Most common bacteria in UTIs

A

Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Citrobacter Species

Gram-positive:
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Enterococcus faecalis
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Staphylococcus aureus

Common E.coli

24
Q

Encephalomyelitis

A

Inflammation of both brain and meninges

25
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
26
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining of the heart
27
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
28
CNS
Integrates information received Sends back an “action plan” Composed of the spinal cord and brain
29
PNS
Inputs and transmits information Composed of nerves
30
What diagnostic tool is used to confirm a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis?
A lumbar puncture allows for CSF analysis to differentiate between viral and bacterial meningitis Lookin under a microscope
31
How do we detect presence of viral agents (antigens or antibodies)?
Through antigens
32
Can any organism cause meningitis? Think about the Blood brain barrier theory
No, Bacteria require a very special set of virulence factors in order to slip through this barrier Viruses have an easier time invading the CNS, but still encounter challenges
33
Erysipelas
A common condition in children and elderly Impetigo spreads to surrounding skin and lymph nodes Symptoms include: Fever, Chills, Leukocytosis, If untreated, erysipelas may be fatal
34
Cellulitis
A deeper Staphylococcus infection of the lower dermal and subcutaneous fat Seen in adults Characterized by red, swollen, painful skin Accompanied by fever, leukocytosis, and lymphangitis
35
Impetigo
Highly contagious skin infection by Staphylococcus aureus, Secondary bacterial infections possible Pus filled vesicles on face, lips or extremities signs and symptoms: Superficial pus-filled vesicles, Reddened skin (face, lips, or extremities), Itchy vesicles can rupture and ooze, Crust over into honey-colored lesions
36
Pseudomonads opportunistic pathogens or true pathogens?
opportunistic pathogens
37
What organism causes scalded skin syndrome?
Exfolative toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus
38
How does infection with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome affect the body?
Bacterial toxins are released into the bloodstream Causes drop in blood pressure and organ failure May manifest with a skin rash
39
Food poisoning
Bacteria don’t actively grow in the host Symptoms are triggered by ingested enterotoxins (a type of exotoxin), They may be emetic (trigger vomiting) Causes inflammation of intestinal cells, Prevents water absorption, Leads to diarrhea and abdominal pain
40
Food infection
Infection that results from ingesting food that harbors live bacterial pathogens that infect the GI tract. Most common are caused by: E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella species, Campylobacter species
41
Lower GI Endoscopy
Aka colonoscopy can’t confirm the specific pathogen Colonoscope is entered through anus and used to view rectum and large intestine
42
Upper GI Endoscopy
can’t confirm the specific pathogen Endoscope is inserted through the mouth and used to view the esophagus, stomach and small intestine
43
Vitamin K production in the intestines is from the help of which organism?
Escherichia coli
44
In the lab which tests help identify the pathogen responsible for a GI infection?
Collecting fecal samples for: Culturing on selective and differential media (e.g., MacConkey agar) Molecular diagnostic analysis Microscopic examination to identify parasites or their eggs
45
Sepsis
Not an infection, overwhelming response to a toxin or pathogen
46
Septic shock
Dangerously low blood pressure O2 and nutrients cut off Necrosis and organ failure Look up proper definition
47
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation Deregulated formation of blood clots throughout the body Blocks blood flow and promotes organ failure and tissue necrosis
48
Lymphangitis
Look up later
49
What type of virus is Ebola?
Filoviridae family Ebola virus, single-stranded RNA virus
50
What can septic shock lead to?
Dangerously low blood pressure O2 and nutrients cut off Necrosis and organ failure
51
What are the signs that a patient is sepsis?
Diarrhea, Vomiting, Pale skin, Sleepiness, Confusion/delirium, Lymphangitis High white blood cell count, High lactate levels, High C-reactive protein levels, Low blood oxygen levels , Blood culture results

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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