Exam 3 Study Guide

Question 1

Identify organs of the alimentary canal and accessory organs that are involved with digestion

Question 2

Understand the broad functions of the digestive tract and how they relate to digestion

Question 3

Describe mechanical and chemical digestion; in what parts of the tract would each occur?

Question 4

How can the gastrointestinal tract be controlled? What is the role of the enteric nervous system?

Question 5

Differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic gastric control

Question 6

Describe the peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, and the mesentery; including their location and function

Question 7

Describe the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract and the importance of each

Question 8

What is the role of the oral cavity and tongue?

Question 9

Identify components of saliva

Question 10

Describe the structure of the esophagus and its function in digestion

Question 11

Describe the process of deglutition

Question 12

What are peristalsis and segmentation? What is their importance in digestion?

Question 13

Identify the functions of the monogastric stomach; identify the 3 stomach regions discussed in class

Question 14

Understand the difference between gastric pits and gastric glands

Question 15

Describe the role of each of the specialized cells of the gastric gland and the importance of
their secretions

Question 16

Describe the 3 phases of gastric activity and how that relates to gastric secretion

Question 17

Describe the secretion of hydrochloric acid from a parietal cell. What is the purpose of
hydrochloric acid?

Question 18

Identify the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach

Question 19

Describe how the ruminant microbiota converts macronutrients into nutrients usable by the ruminant. Overall, what are the products produced by the fermentation process? How is saliva important for efficiency of fermentation and ruminant health?

Question 20

Describe differences and similarities between the avian foregut and the monogastric foregut

Question 21

Identify important hormones that regulate digestion, including where they are made and
what their function is with respect to digestion

Question 22

What is the primary cell type found in the liver? How does liver structure allow for its
functions?

Question 23

Identify functions of the liver

Question 24

Describe the composition of bile. Understand where bile is secreted and how it is stored.

Question 25

Understand the role of the gallbladder in digestion

Question 26

Identify the cell types found in the pancreas and their function

Question 27

Describe how glucagon and insulin regulate blood glucose.

Question 28

Understand the ultimate cellular effects of insulin binding its receptor

Question 29

What is a zymogen?

Question 30

Understand how pancreatic enzymes are converted to their active forms in the duodenum

Question 31

Describe hormonal control of bile and pancreatic juice secretion

Question 32

Describe the differences in anatomy between the 3 sections of the small intestine and the physiological reasons for these differences

Question 33

Describe the surface area modifications found in the small intestine

Question 34

Describe the chemical digestion and absorption for carbohydrates

Question 35

Describe the chemical digestion and absorption of proteins

Question 36

Describe chemical digestion and absorption of lipids

Question 37

What happens to carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids after they have been absorbed across the enterocyte?

Question 38

Describe the lymphatic system and its role in digestion

Question 39

What happens in the large intestine? How does the surface of the large intestine differ from the small intestine?

Question 40

Describe the importance of the cecum in the horse vs monogastrics

Question 41

Describe the system by which the rectum and anus control passage of fecal matter

Question 42

Understand the role of different parts of the male reproductive tract with regards to sperm production and ejaculation

Question 43

What are the different ways the scrotum regulates temperature of the testes?

Question 44

Understand the microscopic anatomies of the testes and how it relates to production of sperm

Question 45

Describe the process of spermatogenesis. Understand how the cell changes as it progresses from a spermatogonium to spermatozoa and its relative location in the seminiferous tubule.

Question 46

Describe the different parts of a sperm cell and the function of each.

Question 47

Describe the mechanism by which the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and cells in the testes hormonally control sperm production

Question 48

What are some other functions of the androgens?

Question 49

What happens when exogenous androgens (anabolic steroids) are used to increase muscle hypertrophy (not under the direction of a medical professional)?

Question 50

What is semen? Identify and describe some accessory gland secretions

Question 51

Describe the stimuli and physiologies responsible for mating behaviors

Question 52

Understand the role of different parts of the female reproductive tract with regards to reproduction

Question 53

Describe the process of oogenesis starting in utero and progressing to a fertilized ovum. Understand how folliculogenesis simultaneously occurs and how it differs from oogenesis.

Question 54

Describe the ovarian, uterine and behavioral events associated with different steps and phases of the estrous cycle. Understand how different hormones are involved with each step of this cycle and the feedback loops associated with hormonal regulation

Question 55

What are some different types of estrous cycles and what species have each type?

Question 56

What can happen to ejaculated semen?

Question 57

Describe capacitation and the importance of capacitation for fertilization

Question 58

Describe the acrosomal reaction and how sperm penetrate the oocyte.

Question 59

What happens after a sperm cell has penetrated the oocyte? How is polyspermy prevented?

Question 60

Describe the events leading up to fertilization

Question 61

Understand how a newly fertilized zygote travels down the female tract to the uterus

Question 62

Describe the process and role of blastocyst implantation and maternal recognition of pregnancy

Question 63

Describe the events leading up to parturition and how hormones are involved with this process

Question 64

Understand the 3 stages of parturition

Question 65

Describe how lactation is regulated, including the processes of milk secretion and let down

Question 66

Identify components of the cardiovascular system

Question 67

Describe the function of arteries, veins, and capillaries and anatomy differs to fit this function. What are the different types of arteries? Capillaries? What are the differences between each type?

Question 68

Describe the layers of the heart and its protective covering

Question 69

Describe how blood flows through the heart and its oxygenation status at each step.

Question 70

Identify the atrioventricular valves and how they are connected to the ventricle. Describe what allows for the AV valves to open and shut

Question 71

Identify the semilunar valves. How does their connection differ from AV valves? Describe what allows for semilunar valves to open and shut

Question 72

Define systole and diastole. Be able to utilize these terms when describing the cardiac cycle.

Question 73

Describe the features of cardiac muscle cells

Question 74

Understand how ions move with regard to action potential generation in the cardiac cell. How does this change the length of the depolarization/repolarization cycle

Question 75

Describe what allows for autorhythmic cells to induce their own action potentials

Question 76

Describe how distribution of autorhythmic cells allows to beat with its own rhythm. Describe conduction of depolarization throughout the heart.

Question 77

Identify the P-wave, QRS-complex, and T-waves of an EKG and understand what part of the cardiac cycle each corresponds to.

Question 78

Describe the role of the components of the cardiovascular center (cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory) in the brain with respect to intrinsic heart control. What do each of these components do to the pacemaker cells of the heart?

Question 79

How do hormones and neurotransmitters extrinsically control heart rate?

Question 80

Describe cardiac output and cardiac reserve. Describe the factors that can affect cardiac output.

Question 81

Describe stroke volume. What factors affect stroke volume?

Question 82

What systems are in place to regulate heart rate and blood pressure?

Question 83

Describe the renin-angiotensin system and how it is used to regulate blood pressure

Question 84

Identify other factors that may alter heart rate and blood pressure.