Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

Describe the functions of the lung and respiratory system

Question 2

Understand the parts of the upper and lower respiratory system. Describe how airways
branch off the trachea and some of the anatomical differences between bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli

Question 3

What are the parts of the pharynx and what substances pass through each?

Question 4

Understand the role of the larynx

Question 5

(briefly) describe voice production

Question 6

Why are mucus secretion and cilia important structures of the tracheal epithelium

Question 7

Describe some differences between the airway of a brachycephalic dog and a regular
dog and how they impact respiration

Question 8

What is the primary difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

Question 9

What is an alveolus and what is its function?

Question 10

What cells make up the alveolus and what are their functions?

Question 11

Understand the properties of how the lung is arranged in the thoracic cavity and the
importance of the vacuum in maintaining lung inflation

Question 12

Describe the processes of inspiration and the role of the external intercostals and the
diaphragm.

Question 13

Describe the processes of expiration and the role of the internal intercostals and the
diaphragm. Is this normally an energy requiring process?

Question 14

Understand how much energy is normally required to power air exchange and how this
differs during exercise and pulmonary diseases

Question 15

What is surfactant? What is the importance of surfactant in the lungs?

Question 16

Understand the concept of gas partial pressure and the composition of atmospheric air

Question 17

Describe how air exchange occurs at the lung and the pressure gradient that drives this

Question 18

Describe how air exchange occurs at tissues and the pressure gradient that drives this

Question 19

What is ventilation? What is perfusion?

Question 20

Describe avian respiration and how it differs from mammalian respiration.

Question 21

Describe the properties of hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin saturation at different
parts of the body. How can temperature and pH shift the hemoglobin saturation curve?

Question 22

What are the components of the renal and urinary systems?

Question 23

What are some functions of the kidney?

Question 24

Describe the major anatomical functions of the kidney.

Question 25

Understand the components of the nephron.

Question 26

Describe the renal corpuscule. What is the renal corpuscule comprised of? What special adaptations make it important in filtrate formation?

Question 27

Understand the cells that make up the parietal and visceral epithelium of the glomerular capsule. What is the importance of the podocytes?

Question 28

Describe the 3 layers of the filtration membrane. What items cannot pass through the filtration membrane?

Question 29

Describe the proximal convoluted tubule and its role in filtration.

Question 30

Describe the loop of henle (descending and ascending branches) and its importance with regard to filtrate formation and urine concentration

Question 31

Describe the distal convoluted tubule and its role in filtrate formation

Question 32

Describe the collecting ducts and their role in filtrate formation

Question 33

Describe the components of the glomerular capillary bed. What creates a high pressure gradient in this space?

Question 34

What are the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta? What are their roles in filtrate formation?

Question 35

Describe the 3 steps to urine formation. Understand what occurs at each step, important solutes reabsorbed/secreted and why it is important for the formation of urine.

Question 36

What is the glomerular filtration rate? What factors help regulate the glomerular filtration rate and why is this important?

Question 37

What are the different routes by which solutes can be reabsorbed?

Question 38

Describe how the renin angiotensin system works to regulate blood pressure. Be able to identify general outcomes of this system, and where important steps in the process take place.

Question 39

What is an odorant and what are some important properties of odorants?

Question 40

Describe the path of an odorant from outside the body to the olfactory epithelium.

Question 41

What are turbinates? What is the role of the turbinates?

Question 42

What are some differences between the canine and human nasal canal and how does this alter their ability to smell?

Question 43

Describe the mechanism to activate an olfactory receptor cell that we discussed in class and how this signal is transduced to the brain

Question 44

Understand the specificity and affinity differences of the different olfactory receptors

Question 45

Describe odor adaptation and thresholds

Question 46

Understand the importance of the different cell types in the olfactory epithelium

Question 47

Describe pheromones and how they are perceived by the animal

Question 48

Describe papillae, taste buds, taste cells, and taste pores and their role in gustation

Question 49

What are the 5 human taste sensations? What compounds do they sense? What are some unique taste sensations of the dog and cat discussed in class?

Question 50

Understand taste adaptation and the importance of taste thresholds

Question 51

Describe the intracellular signaling mechanism that occurs in a salt sensing taste bud – starting with the tastant binding and ending with activation of a P2X receptor

Question 52

Describe the intracellular signaling mechanism that occurs in a sour sensing taste bud – starting with the tastant binding and ending with activation of a P2X receptor

Question 53

Describe the intracellular signaling mechanism that occurs in a sweet sensing taste bud – starting with the tastant binding and ending with activation of a P2X receptor

Question 54

Describe the intracellular signaling mechanism that occurs in an umami sensing taste bud – starting with the tastant binding and ending with activation of a P2X receptor

Question 55

Describe the intracellular signaling mechanism that occurs in a bitter sensing taste bud – starting with the tastant binding and ending with activation of a P2X receptor

Question 56

What is the influence of other sensations in taste

Question 57

Understand the general role of the cornea, pupil, and lens in image formation

Question 58

What is refraction? What parts of the eye participate in refraction?

Question 59

What is the role of accommodation?

Question 60

Describe how the iris regulates the size of the pupil. Identify how light and activation of different components of the autonomic nervous system change the size of the pupil visible

Question 61

What is the role of the retina?

Question 62

What are the 2 types of photoreceptor cells? What types of light do each respond to?