Exam 3 Vocab - Pilegard

Question 1

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 1

Reaching conclusions based on logical rules (general information) applied to a set of premises (more special case which can be inferred from the premises)

Question 2

Categorical Syllogisms

Answer 2

Describe a relationship between two categories

Question 3

The Normative Approach

Answer 3

Based on logic, and deals with the problem of categorizing conclusions as either valid or invalid; categorical syllogism

Question 4

Euler Circles

Answer 4

Graphic depiction of syllogisms

Question 5

The Descriptive Approach

Answer 5

Concerned with estimating people’s ability to judge the validity of syllogisms and explaining errors people make; categorical syllogism

Question 6

The Belief Bias

Answer 6

People tend to judge syllogisms with believable conclusions as valid, while they tend to judge syllogisms with unbelievable conclusions as invalid

Question 7

Conditional Syllogisms

Answer 7

Also have two premises and a conclusion, but the first premise has the form “if… then”; common in everyday life

Question 8

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 8

The process of making observations and applying those observations via generalization to a different problem; one infers from a special case to the general principle, which is just the opposite of the procedure of deductive reasoning

Question 9

Strong Induction

Answer 9

The truth of the conclusion is very likely if the assumed premises are true

Question 10

Weak Induction

Answer 10

The truth of the premises makes the truth of the conclusion possible, but not likely

Question 11

Reliability of Induction

Answer 11

1. Number of observations
2. Representativeness of observations
3. Quality of the evidence

Question 12

The Availability Heuristic

Answer 12

When people judge more memorable events to be more frequent than less memorable events

Question 13

The representativeness Heuristic

Answer 13

People rely on a judgment of similarity instead of using memorability as a cue for frequency

Question 14

Confirmation Bias

Answer 14

A set of related phenomena wherein people seek or interpret evidence in a way that aligns with beliefs they already hold

Question 15

The Normative Approach (Decision Making)

Answer 15

How people should behave if they were perfectly rational and had well-defined preference; how decision-makers ought to make decisions

Question 16

The Descriptive Approach (Decision Making)

Answer 16

How real-life decision makers actually make decisions, rather than how they should

Question 17

Theories of Decision-Making

Answer 17

1. Expected Value Theory (Normative)
2. Expected Utility Theory (Normative)
3. Prospect Theory (Descriptive)

Question 18

Default Effects

Answer 18

The tendency for decision-makers to choose a pre-selected option, rather than select a non-pre-selected option in a particular choice context

Question 19

Framing Effects

Answer 19

Logically equivalent descriptions of an option lead to different choices

Question 20

Babbling

Answer 20

Intentional vocalizations that lack specific meaning produced by young children when they are learning language

Question 21

Bilingualism

Answer 21

The state of being able to speak two languages

Question 22

Critical Period

Answer 22

A time at which learning can easily occur

Question 23

Dialect

Answer 23

A subdivision, or version, of a language that may be associated with a geographical location or socioeconomic group

Question 24

Sociolect

Answer 24

A version of a language that is associated with a particular social group

Question 25

Idiolect

Answer 25

The version of a language that a speaker speaks, which is unique to that speaker

Question 26

Language Comprehension

Answer 26

The process of decoding language back into thoughts

Question 27

Language Production

Answer 27

The process of converting thoughts into language

Question 28

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 28

The claim that the language you speak will determine, or limit, the way that you think

Question 29

Linguistic Relativity

Answer 29

The hypothesis that people who speak different languages think differently as a result, or that language influences your thought but does not limit it

Question 30

Phoneme

Answer 30

The smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language; the elementary sounds of our language

Question 31

Morpheme

Answer 31

A string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in a language

Question 32

Overextensions

Answer 32

A person learning a language - often a child - uses a word in a broader context than appropriate

Question 33

Semantics

Answer 33

The meaning of words and sentences; typically the definitional meaning

Question 34

Pragmatics

Answer 34

The meaning of words and sentences in context, where the surrounding language may change the meaning of the word or sentence

Question 35

Syntax

Answer 35

The list of rules that allows you to construct grammatical sentences in a given language

Question 36

Speech Perception

Answer 36

Picking out the sounds of speech and telling them apart

Question 37

Speech Segmentation

Answer 37

The listener determines where one word stops and another begins

Question 38

Word Boundary

Answer 38

The place where one word stops and another begins

Question 39

Sentence Processing

Answer 39

Whenever a reader or listener processes a language utterance, either in isolation or in the context of a conversation or text

Question 40

Parsing

Answer 40

Grouping words into phrases, based on the syntactic rules from your language, in order to determine what the sentence means