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Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q 
Define Actinomycetes as an organism:
colony morphology
gram stain
motility
defining characteristics
A

branching, GPR, non motile, has filamentous form, partially acid fast (mycolic acid) , aerobic, beaded

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2
Q

What are the genera of interest in the Actinomycetes order

A

NOCARDIA, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Tskuamurella

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3
Q

what environment are Nocardia found in

A

soil and water, decompose plant material

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4
Q

What is the common source of infection of Nocardia

A

traumatic injury or inhalation

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5
Q

What are the species of Nocardia that are clinically relevant, what body sites are they each found in?

A

Nocardia abscessus - any body site
Nocardia brasiliensis- only skin
Nocardia asteriodes

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6
Q

Describe the colony morphology of Nocardia species? and the gram stain?

A

GPR, beaded appearance, variably acid fast

morphology-rough like a fungus

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7
Q

Which Nocardia species is most often pathogenic, what illness does it cause

A

N. asteroides, causes skin infection, myecetomas, subcutaneous, abcesses, cellulitis

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8
Q

What patients tend to get Nocardia infections

A

transplant, immunodeficient with pulmonary disease, IV drug users

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9
Q

How should Nocardia be transported, processed and collected

A

no special requirements

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10
Q

What specimen type could we find Nocardia on

A

fluid and swabs, sinus tract drainage, skin biopsy

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11
Q

If you find Nocardia in a respiratory specimen, what is the next step

A

must question if its real, need more proof, could be simple contamination. not aa critical result

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12
Q

What are the other less concerning Actinomycetes species

A

Rhodococcus
Gordonia
Tsuakurella
All usually skin

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13
Q

What extra steps can be taken to ID actinomycetes in a biopsy or drainage specimen

A

need to look for granules, washed in saline, on gram stain, will see yellow to orange kidney shaped club structures, need to determine if strain is bacterial or fungal

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14
Q

What special selective media do we need to grow actinomycetes in vitro

A

SDA sabouraud dextrose agar
BHI brain and heart infusion agar
—takes long time to grow
BCYE- much faster, best option

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15
Q

What environmental conditions will let Actinomycetes grow

A

aerobic, 35C, 2-3 weeks ambient air

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16
Q

What do Actinomycetes look like in an acid fast stain?

And on a gram stain?

A

red, long thin fiber looking

beaded GP, tiny, BRANCHING

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17
Q

What biochem results for Nocardia

A 
acid fast- pos
lysozyme resistance- pos
urea hydrolysis- pos
nitrate reduction- pos/ neg
anaerobic- neg
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18
Q

Key words to Nocardia growth on SG, medium, and Choc

A

SB- golden
medium0 rough and buff, orange color slimey gross
Choc-snow white, pinpoint

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19
Q

What catalase result does Nocardia give

A

positive

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20
Q

What are the important catalase negative Gram positive rods, non branching

A

lactobacillus, arcanobacterium, gardnerella, erysipelothrix

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21
Q

How is Listeria transmitted? What environment is it found in?

A

direct contact with animals, soil, vegetation
usually contaminated food: meat, veggies, dairy
possible to transmit mother to fetus- no deli meats causes meningitis in infants

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22
Q

What population is most susceptible to Listeria illness

A

pregnant women, neonates, elderly and immunocompromised

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23
Q

How do you grow Listeria in vitro

A

needs lots of AAs, vitamins, more fastidious
BHI- Brain, heart infusion
sometimes TSB

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24
Q

What biochemical results are staples for Listeria? motility? hemolysis?

A

**Tumbling motility, umbrella, at room temp
**CAMP + block shape
catalase +
BE +
narrow Beta hemolytic

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25
What specimen/ body sites can we find Listeria in
blood or CSF
26
What Corynebacterium species do we care most about and why? | Transmission?
C. diptheriae- not normal flora always pathogenic, toxins very lethal to people respiratory, pus, fomites, direct
27
What part of the body does C diphtheria infect?
upper respiratory, causes gray pseudomembrane in back of throat
28
What patients tend to be affected by C diptheriae
immonocompromised, IV drug use, alcoholics
29
``` How are these cornybacterium species transmitted? C. diptheria C. urealyticum C. striatum C. jeikium C. ulcerans C. pseudotuberculosis C. pseudodiptheriticum ```
C. diptheria- repiratory droplets, skin lesion pus, fomites, nosocomial C. urealyticum- wound infection, UTI C. striatum- catheter, sterile body parts C. jeikium- catheters, C. ulcerans-animals, cattle, skin infections or pneumonia C. pseudotuberculosis- zoonotic, limited to LUNGS C. psuedodiphtheriticum- sepsis, pneumonia, lung absesses, sterile body site
30
What do corynebacterium look like on gram stains
GPR club shape, non branching, no spores, Chinese letters, V or L shape
31
What plates do corynebacterium grow on
SB and Choc not Mac | must be selective and differential when from respiratory specimen
32
What special media do we use for Corynebacterium? What results indicate the more important one?
Cysetine Tellurite- Tinsdale black brown halo on both media- C. diptheriae
33
What are the biochemical results for C diptheria
``` esculin - non motile urease - nitrate + catalase + Tinsdale + H2S + hemolysis Y ```
34
``` Distinguish biochemical tests for C. ulcerans C. pseudotuberculosis C. striatum C. pheudodipthericum C. Jeikeium ```
C. ulcerans: urease +, reverse arrow CAMP, Tinsdale + C. pseudotuberculosis: urease +, reverse arrow CAMP, Tinsdale + C. striatum: neg everything, pos nitrite C. pheudodipthericum: + urease, + nitrate, neg all others C. Jeikeium: neg everything but lipophilic
35
What Cornyebacterium are just normal flora, which ones are actually concerning
normal: C. amycolatum, jeikeium, pseudodiptheriticum, striatum, abnormal: C. psuedotuberculosis: zoonotic, C. ulcerans: ulcers and pharyngitis, C. urealyticum: UTIs, C. diptheria: lethal upper respiratory
36
What test is used to ID diptheroids vs normal flora? which organism falls in this category
Rhodococcus- GPR with traces of branching SBA-pink colonies ID based on gram stain and colony pigmentation
37
How can we ID true pathogen C. diptheriae
must prove toxin production, lipis help enhance growth Elek plate test must see precipitin line radiating outwards
38
What biochem test help find C. urealyticum
urease +, nitrate -
39
What are the general characteristics of Bacillus species | What O2 conditions do they need to live
sporulating, GPR, aerobic or facultative anaerobe, mesophilic, mostly beta, motile except anthrax catalase + spore forming
40
What do Bacillus species look like on a gram stain?
GPR in stacking formation can sometimes show endospores, look like long beaded necklace boxcar formation in singles, pairs or serpentine chains
41
What group of bacillus is anthrax in? What other species are in this group
Cereus group | bacillus cereus
42
What body sites can Bacillus anthracis be found in
skin, blood, CSF, respiratory
43
Where can bacillus anthracis be found in the US?
in livestock workers, travelers or terrorism
44
What does Bacillus anthracis look like on a BAP? motility?
comet tail, medusa head morphology, gamma hemolytic, non motile, gooey and can peel off plate
45
What population does bacillus anthracis mostly affect?
wild and domestic animals, animal vaccines are distributed for it humans can get it from trauma, inhalation or ingestion
46
What are the 3 main virulence factors that Bacillus anthracis has
lethal toxin Edema toxin-inflammation and swelling of tissue, confuses immune system Protective antigen- protein that help LT and ET entry
47
What are the 4 disease manifestations of anthrax and what body site are they each associated with. Which is the most common
cutaneous-wound-most common gastrointestinal- stool inhalation- sputum injection- biopsy
48
``` How do each of these infections gain entry into the body and brief symptoms and severity. B anthracis cutaneous gastrointestinal inhalation injection ```
cutaneous- broken skin, black eschar gastrointestinal- ingestion, N,D,V more fatal inhalation- wool sorter's, highest mortality injection- skin popping, IV drugs, sepsis, NO black eschars
49
What are the following bacillus species associated with B.cereus B. Thuringiensis B. Subtilis and others
B.cereus-rice, food poisoning, V, D B. Thuringiensis- also foodborne, used as pesticides B. subtilis and others- usually opportunistic environmental contamination
50
What samples are collected from cutaneous anthrax
from under eschar pulmonary- biopsy and pleural fluid GI- blood cultures, peritoneal fluid
51
What is the heat shock method
used for bacillus anthracis, hated to kill most except the endospores, can be plated and stained this way
52
T or F B. anthracis is not very contagious
T is needs a high dose to become infectious
53
What media will Bacillus species grow on? Where won't it grow
BAP, CHOC | not CNA nor MAC
54
What are the most distinguishing features of bacillus anthrax vs other species
only one that is gamma non motile
55
What are the biochemicals for bacillus anthracis
Catalase + Non-motile S to penicillin
56
What do Bacillus cereus look like on SB agar? And a gram stain?
beta- brown, motile, frosted glass on gram stain
57
List the Bacillus anthracis ID testing in the correct order and when to report it out
GS: GPR Colony: ground glass, non pigmented, gamma, no growth on MAC or EMB Biochems: Catalase +, Non motile could be B. anthracis, send to reference lab
58
Explain S&S testing for bacillus food poisoning
serology testing kit for patient feces or food products find PA, LF or EF proteins/ toxins indirect hemmagglutination
59
Name the 4 species of interest that are catalase negative, non branching, GPR
arcanobacterium erysipelothrix gardenella lactobacillus
60
What are erysipelothrix infections assocaited with
animal and livestock workers- zoonotic | infection from puncture wound
61
What are the 3 types of infection that can result from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
localized skin- hands and fingers, purple red zone diffuse cutaneous- bacteremia and endiocarditis-
62
What populations tend to become infected with E. rhysiopathiae
worldwide in animals like mammals, birds and fish
63
T or F if you salt, pickle or smoke meat you can get rid of E. rhusopathiae
False it is resistant to all of these
64
What are the biochem tests for Erysipelothrix? Colony morphology?
``` catalase - H2S +*** non motile VP- Urease- Esculin- large and rough can start as gamma then to alpha ```
65
What does Erysipelothrix look like in a gram stain
GPR thin, long filaments , V shape, short chains, slender
66
What body sites can Erysipelothrix be found in
tissue biopsy or aspirates from skin lesion
67
What diseases and groups are Arcanobacterium associated with
animal pathogens, could cause tissue abcesses, ulcers, septicemia in immunocompromised pts
68
What do Arcanobacterium look like on a BA plate? | And on a gram stain?
friable, narrow beta, dry or mucoid, gray looks like beta strep GS- GPR slightly curved
69
What is liquefaction of gelatin used to distinguish and what do the results mean
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum- negative | Trueperella pyogenes- positive
70
What organism can cause a false + on lancefield testing
Archanobacterium, tells you group G strep
71
What does Arcanobacterium look like on CAMP, explain the reaction
reverse arrowhead when with S. aureus | B lysine in S. aureus inhibits phospholipase D in Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
72
What do Gardenella vaginalis look like on a gram stain
small, pleomorphic, gram variable because they have thinner peptidoglycan layer
73
What does Gardnerella look like on BA and HBT
BA-small and pinpoint, Gamma, thin | HBT- Beta hemolysis
74
How is bacterial vaginosis confirmed to be gardenella
clue cells, low numbers of lactobacillus, high Gardnerella
75
What are the biochemical tests for Gardnerella vaginalis
catalase - oxidase - S to SPS S to alpha strep
76
What disease is associated with Lactobacillus
non they are beneficial, can cause infection only in immunocompromised patients
77
What organism does lactobacillus help control?
G. vaginalis
78
What does lactobacillus look like on BAP
pinpoint, alpha, looks like strep, | rough
79
What biochemical testing is there for lactobacillus
catalase- | thats it, ID with this plus morphology and gram stain

Bacteriology (10 decks)

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