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BMS 191 (Microbio) > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common bacterial causes of diarrhea?

A
  1. Campylobacter jejuni
  2. Salmonella spp.
  3. Shigella spp.
  4. Escherichia coli
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2
Q

What organisms causes Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea?

A
  1. Clostridium perfringens type A
  2. Staphylococcus aureus
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3
Q

What are organisms will have proximal bowel, non-inflammatory, non-fecal leukocytes?

A
  1. vibrio cholerae
  2. EAEC (E. Coli)
  3. ETEC (E. Coli)
  4. norovirus
  5. rotavirus
  6. adenovirus
  7. astrovirus
  8. giardia lamblia
  9. cryptosporidium
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4
Q

What are organisms will have colon, inflammatory, fecal leukocytes?

A
  1. Campylobacter
  2. Salmonella non-typhi
  3. shigella
  4. EIEC (e. coli)
  5. Entamoeba Histolytica
  6. Clostridium difficile
  7. Cyclospora Cayetanensis
  8. Isospora belli
  9. Microsporidia
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5
Q

What are organisms will have distal bowel, penetrating, fecal leukocytes?

A
  1. salmonella typhi
  2. salmonella paratyphi
  3. yersinia enterocolitica
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6
Q

What does penetrating mean? (lol)

A

invading lymphatics

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7
Q

What does inflammatory mean?

A
  1. invasion
  2. cytotoxins
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8
Q

What does non-inflammatory mean?

A
  1. adhesion
  2. enterotoxin
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9
Q

What is one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide resulting from the contamination of food?

A

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

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10
Q

What organism causes Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

A

S. aureus enterotoxins

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

A
  1. nausea
  2. vomiting
  3. abdominal cramps (with or without diarrhea)
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12
Q

Onset of SFD is, slow or abrupt?

A

abrupt

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13
Q

How many types of heat stable enterotoxin superantigens are in the Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) family?

A

9 types

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14
Q

What are the types of heat stable enterotoxin superantigens that are in the Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) family?

A
  1. SEA
  2. SEB
  3. SEC
  4. SED
  5. SEE
  6. SEG
  7. SEH
  8. SEI
  9. SEJ
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15
Q

What is formed in a high protein food (meat), enterotoxin or neurotoxin?

A

enterotoxin

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16
Q

What is formed in a high carbohydrate food (rice, pasta), enterotoxin or neurotoxin?

A

neurotoxin

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17
Q

What is the second most common cause of bacterial food poisoning infection?

A

Clostridium perfringens

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial food poisoning infection?

A

nontyphoidal Salmonella spp

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19
Q

What organism will cause inflammation, invasive fibriloenteritis, and Gastroenteritis?

A

V. parahemolyticus

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20
Q

What often gets confused for V. parahemolyticus?

A

V. cholerae

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21
Q

What causes diarrhea from exposure to Pets + LIvestock?

A
  1. Campylobacter
  2. Salmonella
  3. Giardia
  4. Cryptosporidium
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22
Q

What causes diarrhea from exposure to Daycare Centers? (da babas)

A
  1. Campylobacter
  2. Shigella
  3. Giardia
  4. Cryptosporidium
  5. C. difficile
  6. virus
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23
Q

What causes diarrhea from exposure to Antibiotics/Chemotherapy?

A
  1. C. perfringens (plasmid cpe)
  2. S. Aureus
  3. C. difficile
  4. K. oxytoca (amoxicillin +/- clavulanate)
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24
Q

What organism is associated with Poultry?

A
  1. Campylobacter
  2. Salmonella
  3. Shigella
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25
What organism is associated with Ground beef, unpasteurized juice?
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
26
What organism is associated with Seafood/shellfish?
1. V. cholerae 2. V. vulnificus 3. V. parahemolyticus 4. Salmonella 5. Anisakis
27
What organism is associated with Cheese, milk?
Listeria
28
What organism is associated with eggs?
Salmonella
29
What organism is associated with Mayonnaise & cream pies?
1. Clostridium 2. S. aureus
30
What organism is associated with fried rice?
B. cereus
31
What organism is associated with fresh berries?
Cyclospora (parasite)
32
What organism is associated with canned foods?
Clostridium
33
What organism is associated with Spring or contaminated water?
1. V. cholerae 2. Giardia 3. Cryptosporidium
34
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is ETEC?
1. small bowel adherence 2. heat-stable (ST) or heat-labile (LT) 3. enterotoxin production
35
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is EAEC?
1. small and large bowel adherence 2. enterotoxin production 3. cytotoxin production
36
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is EPEC?
1. small bowel adherence 2. epithelial cell effacement mediated by intimin
37
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is EIEC?
1. Mucosal invasion 2. Inflammatory of large bowel
38
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is DAEC?
diffuse adherence to epithelial cells
39
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is STEC?
1. Large bowel adherence mediated via intimin 2. Shiga toxin 1, Shiga toxin 2
40
What is LT?
Heat Labile Toxin (Labile Toxin ?)
41
What is ST?
Heat Stable Toxin (Stable Toxin ?)
42
Both Shiga Toxins (type 1 and 2) are expressed on genes that are part of the "lambdoid prophages" genome. Why does that matter?
the use of certain antibiotics, such as quinolones, are known to induce prophage activation and may increase the seriousness of disease and result in fatal outcomes (TL;DR: using antibiotics can trigger prophage activation and make the disease worse or fatal)
43
What is the most common cause of TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA?
ETEC = ENTEROTOXIGENIC E.COLI
44
What is the second most common cause of Traveler’s Diarrhea? What is it associated with?
1. EAEC = ENTEROAGGREGATIVE E.COLI 2. persistent diarrhea
45
What is another name for ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC)? Why?
1. Enteroadherent E.coli 2. they can adhere to HEp-2 cells
46
ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) does not produce...
enterotoxins
47
Is ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) invasive or non-invasive?
invasive
48
What age group is ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) associated with? What symptom does it cause in this age group?
1. infants and the children 2. diarrhea
49
Where does ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) attach to? What does this cause?
1. Attach to mucosa of upper small intestine 2. disruption of brush border microvilli
50
What species of Salmonella cause non-typhoidal (zoonotic), gastroenteritis, bacteraemia (invasive)?
1. S. Typhimurium 2. S. Enteritidis 3. S. Dublin 4. S. Virchow 5. S. Heidelberg
51
What type of salmonella causes typhoid fever?
S. Enterica Typhi
52
What type of salmonella causes paratyphoid fever?
S. Enterica Paratyphi A, B, and C
53
What is enteric fever?
Both fever caused by Salmonella enterica. This includes S. Enterica (subtype) Typhi and S. Enterica (subtype) Paratyphi (both typhoid and paratyphoid fever)
54
What is more severe AND common in Enteric Fever?
typhoid fever
55
What country is typhoid fever common?
india
56
When distinguishing K. oxytoca AAHC and C. difficile AAC, how do you know it's K. oxytoca AAHC?
1. No Pseudomembrane formation 2. No Outbreak-associated disease 3. No antibiotic treatment 4. Treatment: Withdrawal of antimicrobial agents
57
When distinguishing K. oxytoca AAHC and C. difficile AAC, how do you know it's C. difficile AAC?
1. Pseudomembrane formation: Yes 2. Outbreak-associated disease: Yes 3. Antibiotic treatment: Yes, Vancomycin 4. Treatment: Requires antimicrobial agents
58
What is encephalitis?
infection of the brain
59
What bacteria causes meningitis by nasopharyngeal colonization that becomes invasive?
1. Strep. Pneuomonia 2. Haemophilus Influenzae
60
What causes meningitis by contaminated food?
Listeria Monocytogenes
61
How does meningitis infect us?
1. nasopharyngeal colonization that becomes invasive 2. contaminated food 3. complication of a systemic infection 4. neurosurgical procedure 5. spread from skin, sinuses, or middle ear infection
62
***What causes bacterial meningitis?
1. Pneumoccal, Strep. Pneumoniae 2. Meningoccal, Neisseria meningitides 3. Haemophilus Influenze
63
What organisms cause acute bacterial meningitis (0-1 months)?
1. Group B Strep 2. E. Coli
64
What organisms cause acute bacterial meningitis (1-3 months)?
1. Group B Strep 2. E. Coli 3. Strep. Pneumonia 4. H. Influenzae Type B
65
What are common Nosocomial/Hospital Acquired CNS infections?
1. Pseudomonas 2. Acinetobacter 3. Stenotrophomonas 4. E. Coli 5. Klebsiella 6. S. Aureus
66
What are the common CNS infections in Elderly/Immunocompromised?
1. Listeria Monocytogenes 2. Gram Negative bacteria
67
What would a CSF sample look like if the patient had bacterial meningitis?
1. increased CSF pressure 2. Cloudiness (from WBC) 3. increased WBC 4. Increased neutrophils 5. increased protein level 6. decreased glucose
68
What is the origin of acute brain abscesses?
1. mixed anaerobic and aerobic flora 2. staphylococci 3. Streptococci (group A and D)
69
What organism is the most common cause of Shunt-associated infections?
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS)
70
What organism is the second most common cause of Shunt-associated infections?
Gram Negative Bacteria
71
What are the types of bacteremia?
1. intermittent (localized) 2. continual 3. bloodstream infection
72
What infections are considered intermittent bacteremia?
1. pneumonia 2. meningitis 3. pyelonephritis 4. osteomyelitis 5. septic arthritis
73
What infections are considered continual bacteremia?
1. typhoid fever 2. brucellosis 3. plague
74
What infections are considered continual bacteremia?
1. typhoid fever 2. brucellosis 3. plague
75
What infections are considered bloodstream infection bacteremia?
1. thrombophlebitis 2. acute endocarditis 3. subacute bacterial endocarditis/sepsis lenta 4. culture negative endocarditis
76
What is "HACEK" group associated with?
subacute bacterial endocarditis/sepsis lenta
77
What organisms are in the "HACEK" group?
1. Haemophilus aphrophilus 2. Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans 3. Cardiobacterium hominis 4. Eikenella corrodens 5. Kingella kingae
78
What organisms causes bacterial subacute endocarditis? (1-3 = majority cause)
1. Strep. Sanguis 2. Strep. Mutans 3. Strep. Mitis 4. Enterococcus faecalis 5. Staph. Epidermidis 6. Coxiella burnetti 7. Chlamydia psittaci
79
What organisms causes fungal subacute endocarditis?
1. candida albicans 2. aspergillus spp.
80
What is bacteriuria?
presence of bacteria in the urine
81
How many organisms/mL in infections?
MORE THAN 10^5 organisms/mL
82
How many organisms/mL in contamination?
LESS THAN 10^4 organisms/mL
83
How many species of bacteria are in infections?
one
84
How many species of bacteria are in contamination?
2+
85
What is uncomplicated UTI?
UTI w/o underlying renal or neurologic disease
86
What is complicated UTI?
UTI w/ underlying structural, medical, or neurologic disease
87
What is reinfection UTI?
recurrent UTIs caused by different pathogens at any time
88
What is relapse UTI?
recurrent UTIs caused by the same species causing the original UTI w/in 2 weeks after therapy/treatment
89
What is the most common cause of uncomplicated cystitis?
E. Coli
90
What is the second most common cause of uncomplicated cystitis?
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
91
What are the other causes of uncomplicated cystitis?
1. Klebsiella 2. Proteus 3. Enterococcus
92
What causes complicated UTI?
1. Ecoli 2. Gram negative rods 3. Gram-Positive bacteria 4. yeasts
93
What is the path of infection for most UTIs, ascending or descending?
ascending, urethra to bladder
94
What found, in the urinary tract, provides an inert surface for bacterial colonization/true infection?
a foreign body in the urinary tract
95
What bacteria causes UTI from HEMATOGENOUS spread (blood)?
1. Salmonella 2. S. aureus
96
What are urinalysis results for a positive UTI?
Generally: Pyuria (WBC in urine) 1. Leukocyte-esterase: positive 2. Nitrate: positive (sometimes) 3. *5 or more WBCs (microscopically)*
97
What are diagnostic urine culture results?
1a.10^5 colonies/mL for non-symptomatic 1b. 10^3 to 10^4 colonies for symptomatic
98
Asymptomatic bacteriuria (UTI): 1. Diagnosis? 2. What lab result doesn't matter if asymptomatic? 3. It is important to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria in who?
1. Repeat Positive Urine Culture (10^5 /mL) 2. Pyuria (WBC in urine) 3. Pregnant People
99
Why would there be mixed bacterial growth in urine?
1. contamination 2. long term catheterization 3. *chronic urinary retention / complicated UTI* 4. fistula (abnormal path) between urinary tract and GI/genital tract
100
What organism causes pyelonephritis?
E. coli
101
What are symptoms of Pyelonephritis (kidney inflammation)?
1. *fever* 2. *chills* 3. vomiting/nausa , diarrhea, etc.
102
What are bacterium causes community acquired UTI?
1. E.coli 2. klebseilla spp 3. staphylococcus saprophyticus 5. enterococci
103
What are bacterium causes complicated UTI?
1. proteus 2. psuedomonas 3. klebseilla 4. enterobacter
104
1. Who 2. Why would you get a nosocomial/hospital acquired UTI?
1. Particularly in elderly nursing home patients 2. transferred to the hospital for UTI
105
How many bacterium per microliter (.001mL) would you find on an INOCULATED LOOP (urine) from a patient with a UTI?
10 ^-3/microliter
106
What type of organism is nesseria gonorrhoea?
GNdC gram negative diplococci
107
T or F, finding GNdC gram negative diplococci is diagnostic for nesseria gonorrhoea in BOTH men and women.
False, only diagnostic in men. It is not a reliable diagnosis for women (may have normal commensals w/ similar morphology).
108
What bacterium causes Lymphogranuloma Venereum?
Chlamydia trachomatis
109
What bacterium causes Chancroid?
Haemophilus Ducreyi
110
What is non-specific urethritis (NSU)?
urethra inflammation NOT caused by gonorrhoea nor chlamydia
111
What DISEASE*S* does Chlamydia Trachomatis cause?
1. LGV 2. Urethritis 3. Cervicitis 4. Proctitis 5. Epididymitis 6. PID
112
What does Klebsiella granulomatis formerly known as?
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
113
What does Klebsiella granulomatis cause?
Donovanosis or Granuloma inguinale (same thing)
114
What is the amsel diagnostic criteria for bacterial vaginosis?
1. thin, homogenous discharge 2. positive whiff test (odor when added 10% KOH to vaginal discharge) 3. Clue cells present 4. Vaginal pH is greater than 4.5
115
What is the most RELIABLE predictor of bacterial vaginosis?
clue cells
116
What do clue cells look like?
vaginal epithelial cells studded w/ adherent coccobacilli
117
What is the percentage of epithelial cells that are clue cells?
20%
118
What are the stages of Syphilis?
1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary/Latent
119
What are symptom(s) of primary syphilis?
painless sore (chancre) at inoculation site
120
What are symptom(s) of secondary syphilis?
1. Rash 2. Fever 3. Lymphadenopathy 4. Malaise
121
What are symptom(s) of tertiary/latent syphilis?
1. CNS invasion 2. organ damage
122
What is another name for Syphilis?
the great imitator
123
What are non-treponemal tests used for Syphilis?
1. VDRL (veneral disease research laboratory test) 2. RPR (rapid plasma reagin)
124
What non-treponemal test is best used for SECONDARY syphilis?
VDRL (veneral disease research laboratory test)
125
What type of sample is used for VDRL (veneral disease research laboratory test)?
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
126
What test is best used to detect primary syphilis by IgG?
Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
127
What is required/needed to diagnose neurosyphilis?
1. reactive treponemal test result w/ a serum sample 2. microscopic CSF: 5+ mononuclear cells/cubic cm 3. CSF total protein: greater than 40mg/dL
128
How would you definitively diagnose neurosphilis?
1. reactive serum treponemal test 2. reactive VDRL-CSF on a spinal fluid sample 3. indenification of T. pallidum (silver stain/ fluorescent Ab)
129
What causes Erythrasma?
Corynebacterium minutissimum
130
What causes Impetigo, Erysipelas?
S. aureus/S. pyogenes
131
What causes Erysipeloid?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (H2S)
132
What causes Anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
133
What causes Cellulitis?
1. Groups A, B, C, G streptococci 2. S. aureus
134
What causes soft tissue/skin *abscess*?
1. S. aureus 2. S. intemedius (SAG)*
135
What type of organism is the ONLY one to cause abscesses?
streptococcus
136
What causes Bite associated infections?
Eikenella corrodens
137
What causes Diabetic Foot Ulcer?
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2. Enterobacteriaceae 3. anaerobes (mixed)
138
What causes Necrotizing fasciitis?
1. Streptococcus pyogenes 2. S. anginosus group 3. Clostridium perfringens
139
What causes Ecthyma gangrenosum?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
140
What causes Actinomycetoma?
1. Nocardia 2. Actinomyces
141
What causes NTM Skin Lesions (ontuberculous mycobacteria) ?
1. Mycobacterium marinum 2. abscessus 3. ulcerans 4. leprae
142
What causes bullous lesions?
1. Vibrio (vulnificus) 2. Aeromonas
143
What causes Erythema Migrans, Lyme?
Borrelia burdorferi
144
What causes Chancre (rash)?
Treponema pallidum
145
What diseases does Rickettsia spp. causes?
1. Rash 2. Rocky Mountain Spotted Feve 3. Rickettsialpox
146
What causes Leptospirosis (rash from rat urine)?
Leptospira interrogans
147
What causes Bartonellosis (Pustule)?
Bartonella henselae/quintana
148
What causes Rat Bite Fever (rash)?
Streptobacillus moniliformis
149
What causes Rabbit Fever (Rash/Lesions)?
Francisella tularensis
150
What causes Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) ?
Exotoxins A and B (exfollatin)
151
What causes Toxic Shock Syndrome? (note: exotoxins)
1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Streptococcus pyogenes
152
What causes Scarlet Fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes/dysgalactiae (SpeA/SpeB/SpeC)
153
What causes Vibrio Vulnificus Infection?
V. vulnifus
154
How do you get Vibrio Vulnificus Infection?
1. eating contaminated seafood 2. direct contact w/ contaminated food
155
What is gas gangrene?
1. extensive tissue damage 2. gas production of fermentative action of bacteria
156
What causes Gas Gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
157
What causes
158
What is the symptoms of gas gangrene?
1. swollen 2. red & black tissue 3. foul scent 4. crepitus
159
What organisms is found in wound infections of burn victim?
1, Staphylococcus aureus 2. pseudomonas aeruginosa 3. pseudomonas spp. 4. E. coli 5. Group D strep, 6. Enterococcus faecalis
160
What organism causes plague?
yerisinia pestis
161
What causes acute endocarditis?
1. s. aureus 2. s. pyogenes 3. s. pneumoniae 4. neisseria gonorrhoeae
162
What causes culture-negative endocarditis?
1. bartonellae 2. coxiellae 3. legionellae
163
What causes thrombophlebitis?
1. s. aureus 2. s. pyogenes

BMS 191 (Microbio) (3 decks)

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