Exam 4 Flashcards

Question

When is ostracism more devastating?

Answer 1

Being ostracized for months at a time by a child, spouse, or parent can be devastating.

Answer 2

A tendency to expect rejection from others and to become hypersensitive to possible rejection. A person then become reluctant to open up or get close to others for fear of being hurt.

Answer 3

In the aftermath of rejection, people become more implusive, more inclined to do something they will regret later (but that may seem appealing now). Self-regulation decreases. (binges and eating disorders) - Rejected people are more likely to eat fattening or junk food

Answer 4

They are typically less generous, less cooperative, and less helpful than others and they are more willing to cheat or break rules of good behavior. Repeated experiences of rejection can create aggresive tendencies.

Answer 5

The idea that one person who breaks the rules can inspire other people to break the rules also. i.e., if some people get away with stealing then others may be tempted to steal also.

Answer 6

A situation in which one person loves another but the other does not return that love. Happens all the time in which a person has a crush on someone who does not have similar feelings towards them.

Answer 7

**Passionate Love** (romantice love): strong feelings of longing, desire, and excitement toward a special person. Makes people spend as much time togther, touch each other and engage in physical intimacies. **Companionate Love** (affectionate love): Mutual understanind and caring to make the relationship succeed. Tends to be calmer and more serene.

Answer 8

Companionate love

Answer 9

Single people may think it must be wonderful to have a loving, commited, devoted sex partner who sleeps with you every night and they anticipate that marriage give thems a lifetime of great sex. Married people may imagine that single life is full of sexual adventures and novelty, trying new acts and new partners anytime they want instead of going to bed with the same person according to the same (mundane) routine.

Answer 10

People living together without marriage and then married people

Answer 11

Married People

Answer 12

Love is composed of three ingredients that can mix in any combination. 1. *Passion:* an emotional state of attraction characterized by high bodily arousal, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure 2. *Intimacy:* A feeling of closeness, mutual understanding, and mutual concern for each other's welfare and happiness. 3. *Commitment:* a conscious decision to spend time with a person and share life experiences together that remains constant.

Answer 13

Intimacy is the most common ingredient; relatively few relationships utterly lack intimacy.

Answer 14

*Exchange Relationships:* social bonds based on reciprocity and fairness, in which people expect something in return *Communal Relationship:* social bonds based on mutual love and concern, without expectation of repayment

Answer 15

Exchange relationships

Answer 16

**Avoidant dismissing:** people are low on anxiety but high on avoidance; they tend to view partners as unreliable, unavailable, and uncaring **Avoidant fearful:** people have both high anxiety and high avoidance; they have low opinions of themselves and keep others from getting close **Secure attachment:** people are low on anxiety and low on avoidance; they trust their partners, share their feelings , provide and recieve support and comfort, and enjoy their relationship. **Anxious/ambivalent attachment:** People are low on avoidance but high on anxiety; they want and enjoy closeness but worry that their relationship partners will abandon them

Answer 17

Men with attractive wives were happier about the marriage and stayed higher in relationship satisfaction than men with less attractive wives.

Answer 18

Theory that uses three factors- satisfaction, alternatives, and investments- to explain why people stay with their long-term relationship partners.

Answer 19

**Relationship-enhancing attribution style:** attribute partner’s good acts to *internal* factors and bad acts to *external* factors (happy couples) **Distress-maintaining attribution style:** attribute partner’s good acts to *external* factors and bad acts to *internal* factors (unhappy couples)

Answer 20

Lines of thought asserting that attitudes and behaviors, including sexual desire and sexual behavior, are strongly shaped by culture and socialization. The rapid and and extensive changes during the "Sexual Revolution"(1960s-1970s) attested to the power of culture to shape the sex drive, contrary to views of sexual desire as innately programmed.

Answer 21

Idea or line of thought about sexuality asserting that the sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms thus tend to become innate. i.e., many prehistoric men might have been attracted to older women instead of younger women, but older women would be less likely to concieve and give birth sucessfully. As a result, today's men would all be descended from men who preferred younger women.

Answer 22

Idea or line of thinking that seeks to understand social behavior by analyzing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other; it assumes that sex is a resource that women have and men want. In a economic perpective on sex, women's sexuality is the supply, and men's sexuality creates the demand.

Answer 23

Having sex with someone other than one's current relationship partner.

Answer 24

*Erotic Plasticity:* the degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social, cultural, and situational forces. evidence shows **women** have higher erotic plasticity than men.

Answer 25

The sexually arousing power of a new partner (greater than the appeal of a familiar partner) Researchers found that male animals were typically more rapidly and more aroused by the new partner than by the familiar one.

Answer 26

A negative feeling toward an individual based solely on their membership in a particular group.

Answer 27

Prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race. Racism can take form of overt, blanket statements of disliking and disparaging groups.

Answer 28

Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. An example of discrimination against Native Americans would be the practice of state and federal officials taking Native American children away from their parents and placing them with White families or residential schools.

Answer 29

Prejudiced= negative feelings Racism= towards a particular race Discrimination= negative behavior

Answer 30

Simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward people of other races. They believe in racial equality and equal opportunity, but they also feel uncomfortable around members of minortity groups and try to avoid them when possible.

Answer 31

**1. Competition:** competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict **2. Ignorance:** Ppl who have very little contact with other groups have no info about them, and so they attempt to fill the gap by forming stereotypes. **3. Rationalization for oppression:** To retain their status, powerful groups justify and rationalize prejudice against less powerful groups. **4. Stereotypes as heuristics:** to simplify their world, ppl often rely on stereotypes as mental shortcuts or heuristics. **5. Prejudice boosts self-esteem:** Ppl can feel better about themselves if they consider their own group superior and all other groups inferior.

Answer 32

The **Affective** component is *prejudice* (feeling), the **Behavioral** component is *discrimination* (behavior), and the **Cognitive** component is *stereotyping* (thinking).

Answer 33

Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits. Stereotypes refer to what we believe or think about various groups.

Answer 34

Social identity theory

Answer 35

Subtypes are categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a general stereotype. For example, if a man meets a women who doesn't fit the stereotype of the warm and nurting types, he can put her into a subtype such as tomboy.

Answer 36

**Outgroup members:** belong to a *different* group or catergory than we do **Ingroup members:** belong to the *same* group or category as we do

Answer 37

The assumption that outgroup members are more simaliar to one another than ingroup members are to one another. Is reflected in statements such as, "They're all alike!" and "If you've seen one, you've seen them all!"

Answer 38

The finding that people show favoritism toward ingroup members even when membership randomly determined.

Answer 39

preferential treatment of, or more favorable attitudes toward, people in one’s own group, as compared to people in other groups. i.e., if your friend stops by your jobs you'll treat them better than the other usual customers.

Answer 40

many people will openly admit or act upon their negative attitudes toward people who are overweight or obese

Answer 41

The idea that competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict. For example, young adults being hostile to 10 year olds in Sephora for buying all the limited edition skincare products with their parent's money.

Answer 42

The finding that groups are more extreme, and often more hostile, than individuals. Motivated by fear and greed. Ppl don't trust the members of other groups, so they grab as many resources as they can. If outgroup is cooperative, they will take advantage.

Answer 43

The idea that blaming their problems and misfortunes on outgroups, contributes to negative attitudes toward these outgroups i.e., In management, employees (outgroup) are usually blamed for the failures of senior executives (ingroup). 2 Motivational roots for scapegoating: - *Quest for moral affirmation and superiority* (creates the feelings of moral inferiority to be reduced due to blame being transferred onto a scapegoat) - *Desire for control* (makes complex causes of negative events have an easier explanation)

Answer 44

*** Self-serving bias:** the tendency for people to take credit for success but refuse blame for problems and failures. When times are bad, people prefer to blame others (scapegoats) rather than themselves. *** Confirmation bias:** tendency to focus more on evidence that supports one’s expectations than on evidence that contradicts them. - i.e., SES and intelligence: If a girl of a high-income family fails an exam, people will just say she was having a bad day rather than lack of studying.

Answer 45

- **Conscious override:** The consious system can strive to overcom those prejudice and stereotypes to support equality and avoid prejuding. Involves the duplex mind: automatic and deliberate. Involves implicit (morality) and explicit (social disapproval) attitudes. - Motives for overcoming prejudice: dedication to equality and a corresponding belief that prejudice is morally wrong; and prejudice can elicit the **fear of social disapproval** - **Contact:** prejudice can be reduced by positive contact with outgroup members. - **Cooperation:** Cooperating to achieve common goals is one powerful antidote to intergroup conflict. EX: *Jigsaw classroom:* a cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice by having students interact and cooperate to learn material

Answer 46

1. Social comparison: the choice of comparison targets, they mainly compare themselves against others. 2. Criteria of self-worth: people judge themselves by many criteria. 3. Attribution theory: targets of prejudice can blame their failures and problems on prejudice

Answer 47

**Stereotype threat:** fear that one might confirm stereotypes others hold. When people fear that they will be negatively stereotyped, their performance suffers. **Self-defeating prophecy:** A prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will not come true. People don't like to get stereotyped and often strive extra hard to show that they do not fit negative stereotypes of their group.

Answer 48

Group: a collection of at least two people who are doing or being something togther. At least two people, common goals, common identity/things in common, presence of outgroup, roles, culture/social, norms, rely on each other

Answer 49

**Social groups:** clear benefits: -safety -they find and share food -can do tasks that no one individual can do alone **Cultural groups:** preserve information in the group and pass it along to future generations, greatly increasing the benefit of being able to absorb and communicate information. benefit from role differentiation & division of labor. -culture increases what groups can do!!

Answer 50

1. Find common values and other sources of similarity that can cement one’s allegiance to the group 2. Find some special or even unique role within the group

Answer 51

Frustration, resentment, low morale, and even feelings of alienation from the group.

Answer 52

The loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group, which can lead to antisocial behavior e.g., *fascist movements* where the individual should be submerged in the group, and the individual’s self-interest should be subordinated to the best interests of the group. The most successful fascists were the german Nazis (inner dynamic degenerated-> destruction of country & cruelty)

Answer 53

The presence of others can make people perform better (increases the dominant response tendency), especially on easy and familiar tasks; 3 processes: 1. Bodily arousal confers more energy and increases the dominat response 2. Evaluation apprehension makes people strive to make a good impression (but also creates worries) 3. Some degree of distraction occurs, in so far as people start paying attention to each other rather than the task

Answer 54

The finding that people reduce effort when working in a group, compared to when working alone, especially if their work is not individually identifiable

Answer 55

Identified contributions of individual group members

Answer 56

The finding that one loafer can cause other workers to loaf as well

Answer 57

Can elicit resentment from other group members, who recognize that the narcissistic person is not a team player but rather is looking for individual honors

Answer 58

people will sometimes sacrifice their own gain for the betterment of all, by punishing people who cheat the system

Answer 59

I assume questions involve cooperation and contact from chapter 13.

Exam 4 Flashcards

(85 cards)