Exam 4 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?
A
*visceral motor system
2
Q
What does the ANS do?
A
*unconsciously controls/modulates basic body functions (homeostasis)
3
Q
What are some of the homeostasis things the ANS controls?
A
- body temperature
- digestion
- heart rate
- metabolism
- breathing
- defecation/urination
- pupil diameter
4
Q
Wherein the brain does the ANS or homeostasis mostly happen?
A
*happens more towards brain stem area
5
Q
What are the major parts of the spinal cord?
A
- gray matter
- white matter
- spinal nerves
6
Q
What is in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
A
- dorsal horn
- ventral horn
- lateral horn (sympathetic N.S.)
7
Q
What is only visible from segments T2-L1 of the spinal cord?
A
*lateral horn
8
Q
What is in the white matter of the spinal cord?
A
*Myelin and traccts
9
Q
What is in the spinal nerves of the spinal cord?
A
- dorsal root sensory
* ventral root motor
10
Q
How are nerves packaged?
A
- axon
- myeliln
- endoneurium
- perineurium -> fascicle
- epineurium
11
Q
What is the connective tissue sheath?
A
*epineurium
12
Q
What does decussation mean?
A
*crosses over
13
Q
What does hemidecussation mean?
A
*half of the information crosses over and the other goes to the same side
14
Q
What is an example of hemidecussation?
A
*vision
15
Q
What is contralateral mean?
A
*opposite side
16
Q
What does ispilateral mean?
A
*same side
17
Q
What are some spinal tracts?
A
- ascending tracts
* descending tracts
18
Q
What are ascending tracts?
A
- toward dorsal
* sensory up to brain
19
Q
What is an example of an ascending tract?
A
*dorsal column ascending pathway
20
Q
What are descending tracts?
A
- toward ventral
* motor down to body
21
Q
What is an example of a descending tract?
A
*corticospinal tract
22
Q
What is the corticospinal tract?
A
- coordinates limb movement
* decussates in medulla
23
Q
What are plexi or plexus?
A
*network of nerves of vessels in the body
24
Q
What are some examples of pexi?
A
- brachial
- thoracic (not a plexus)
- lumbar
- cervical
- sacral
- coccygeal
25
What plexus supplies the upper limb?
*brachial
26
What plexus is in the abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genital region and found in L1-L4?
*Lumbar
27
What plexus is a nerve supply to the neck?
*cervical?
28
What plexus is found at L4 and L5, and in the lower trunk and lower limb?
*sacral
29
What plexus is found at S4 and S5, and is in the lower trunk and lower limb?
*coccygeal
30
Which analogy is a best comparison to axon: endoneurium?
*compact bone: periosteum
31
How do neurons know the muscle is being stretched?
*muscle spindles
32
What are muscle spindles?
*reflex, informs the brain of muscle length and movement
33
What fibers are in muscle spindles?
* intrafusal muscle fibers
| * extrafusal muscle fibers
34
What are intrafusal muscle fibers innervated with?
* spring like primary afferent fiver
* secondary afferent fibers
* gamma motor neurons
35
What are primary afferent fibers responsible for?
*sensory info to the brain (very fast)
36
What are secondary afferent fibers for?
*sensory info to the brain (slower)
37
What are gamma motor neurons responsible for?
*adjust sensitivity of muscle spindle
38
What are extrafusal muscle fibers?
* found outside
* fibers that make up the rest of the muscles
* fast
* alpha motor neurons
39
What is the Golgi tendon reflex?
* detects muscle tension, monitors force, and helps you to not overstretch
* proprioceptors in tendon
* excessive tension-> inhibits motor neuron
40
What is a reflex?
* stereotypical
* rapid
* involuntary
* do need stimulation (respond to sensory input)
41
What are the parts of a reflex?
* sensory receptors (muscle spindle)
* afferent neurons
* efferent neuron
* effector organ
42
What is an interneuron?
*a neuron that connects one neuron to another
43
What are some examples of effector organ?
* somatic reflex=skeletal
| * visceral reflex=smooth/cardiac
44
What are visceral (autonomic) reflexes?
* unconscious
* automatic
* stereotyped
* slower
* involving visceral receptors/effectors
45
what components form a visceral (autonomic) reflex arc?
* receptors
* afferent neurons
* interneurons
* efferent neurons
* Baroreceptors
* effectors
46
What do baroreceptors measure?
*pressure
47
What is micturition reflex for?
*how you pee
48
What are the divisions of the ANS?
* sympathetic NS
| * parasympathetic NS
49
What is the sympathetic NS for?
*fight or flight (physical activities)
50
What does the Sympathetic NS increase?
*heart rate, sweating, respiration, basal metabolic rate, blood pressure, profusion to skeletal muscle, blood glucose levels (more energy)
51
What does the sympathetic NS decrease?
*profusion to skin and digestive tract
52
What is the parasympathetic NS for?
*feed or breed (calming activities)
53
What does the PNS reduce?
*energy expenditures
54
What does the PNS supervise?
*digestion and waste elimination
55
Both the SNS and PNS are what?
* active simultaneously
| * autonomic tone
56
What is autonomic tone?
* neuronal outflow
| * we have more than 100 neurotransmitters
57
What parts make up the SNS?
* AKA thoracolumbar division
| * adrenal glands
58
Where does the thoracolumbar division come out of?
*thoracic and lumbar region
59
What is the adrenal glands?
*the adrenal medulla is a modified ganglion
60
What does the Adrenal glands secrete?
* Epi (adrenaline)
| * NE (noradrenaline)
61
What is a ganglion?
*modified collection of cell bodies
62
What parts make up the PNS?
*AKA craniosacral division
63
Where is the craniosacral division located?
*comes out of the cranium and comes out of sacral region
64
How does the PNS leave the brainstem?
* by four cranial nerves
* oculomotor
* facial
* glossopharyngeal
* vagus
65
What is the enteric nervous system?
* happening all the time, autonomic function
| * both SNS and PNS
66
What are the duties of the enteric nervous system?
* has a plexi of about 100 million neurons
* second brain
* can operate without the PNS or SNS
67
What is the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system?
* three presynaptic pathways
| * widespread effect
68
What are the three presynaptic pathways for the SNS?
* spinal nerve
* sympathetic nerve
* spalanchnic nerve
69
What is the anatomy of the PNS?
* long pre-synaptic axon
* travel to terminal ganglia
* selective stimulation
70
Which reflex arc is monsynaptic?
*somatic reflex arc
71
Which reflex arc is autonomic?
*visceral reflex arc
72
Which reflex arc is polysnaptic and can choose to use Ach or Ne?
*viscereal reflex arc
73
Which neurotransmitter does the ANS most commonly use?
*cholinergic fibers
| AChE rapidly breaks downs
74
What does Cholinergic fibers secrete?
*Ach
75
Where are cholinergic fibers found more in?
*more in PNS
76
What are cholinergic receptors?
*one that responds to ACh
77
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
* nicotinic receptors
| * muscarinic receptors
78
What are nicotinic receptors and where are they found?
* nicotine actives this receptor
* all excited by ACh
* ANS ganglia, adrenal medulla, skeletal muscle
79
What are muscarinic receptors and where are they found?
* binds muscarine
* some cells excited other inhibited
* in gland, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
80
When the parasympathetic division is stimulated, what neurotransmitter is released at the effector organ?
*acetylcholine
81
What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
* alpha adrenergic receptors
| * beta adrenergic receptors
82
What are alpha adrenergic receptors?
* usually NE excites
* alpha 1 vasoconstriction
* alpha 2 SMC contraction
83
What are beta adrenergic receptors?
* usually NE inhibits
* beta 1 increase heart contraction and heart rate (exception)
* beta 2 bronchodilation (relaxes airway)
84
When norepinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on bronchioles (air tubes in lungs), it is most likely binding to _ receptors?
*beta 2
85
During a fight or flight response, which type of receptor on the pilioerector muscle (smooth muscle) responds to the released neurotransmitter?
*alpha adrenergic (have excitatory effects)
86
You are running away from someone chasing you with a hatchet. Which is a correctly ordered pathway of nerve transmission taking place in your body?
*Paravertebral ganglion-> spinal nerve-> blood vessel wall
87
What is dual innervation?
* both work together at the same time
* viscera have both SNS and PNS
* antagonistic effects
* agonistic effects
88
What is an example of antagonistic effects?
*pupil example
89
What is an example of agonistic effects?
* saliva formation
* act on different effectors for common goal
* PNS -> watery secretion
* SNS-> make mucus
90
What does meth do?
*stimulates SNS
| Bruxism, poor oral hygiene, hyposalivation
91
Is dual innervation by SNS and PNS always necessary?
*no
92
You’ve just had lunch and are beginning the process of digestion. Which type of receptor in your heart wall responds to the released neurotransmitter?
*muscarinic
93
What controls the ANS?
* Cerebral cortex
* hypothalamus
* midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
* spinal cord
94
What is a major controller of visceral motor system, and controls hunger, thirst, temp reg, and emotions?
*hypothalamus
95
Where are the cranial nerve nuclei found?
*midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
96
What do the cranial nerve nuclei control?
* pupil constriction (oculomotor nerve lll)
* lacrimal, salivary, nasal secretion(facial nerve Vll)
* salivation, bp (glossopharyngeal nerve lX)
* thoracic and abdominal viscera (vagus nerve X)
97
What does the spinal nerve control?
* defecation
* micturition
* can also consciously inhibits
98
The following could occur together effectively except which?
*digestion (PNS)
99
Muscles make up nearly _ of the body weight?
*half
100
How many skeletal muscles are in the human body?
*over 600
101
True or False: most muscles are found in pairs?
*true
102
What are skeletal muscles?
* voluntary and require constant stimulation
| * most all skeletal muscles cross at least one joint for movement
103
What are the functions of skeletal muscles?
* movement
* stability
* control of body openings and passages
* generates heat
104
Why is it important of muscles to generate hear?
* for metabolism and enzyme function
| * produces up to 85% or ones body heat
105
What is the attachment point of the muscle that does not move during contraction?
*origin
106
What is the attachment point of muscles that does move during contraction?
*insertion
107
When muscles contract what happens to the insertion and origin?
*the insertion moves closer to the origin
108
What are specific nerves that control a muscle called?
*innervations
109
What is the primary muscle responsible for producing a particular movement?
*prime mover
110
What is a muscle that assist the prime mover?
*Synergist
111
Synergist muscles do what?
*the same action
112
What is the muscle that opposes the prime mover?
*antagonist
113
Antagonistic muscles do what?
*the opposite action
114
What are the parts of a muscle?
* epimysium
* perimysium
* fascicles (deep and superficial)
* endoomysium
115
What is the fibrous sheath that covers the entire muscle, outermost covering?
*epimysium
116
What is around fascicles?
*perimysium
117
What is made up of individual fibers?
*fascicles
118
What covers the individual fibers?
*endomysium
119
What are the characteristics of muscles?
* excitability
* conductivity
* contractility
* extensibility
* elasticity
120
What is the A band?
* dark band
* has H zone
* has M line
121
What is the I band?
* light band
* Z disc
* titin
122
What is the sarcomere?
* where sliding of filaments happens
| * segment from Z disc to Z disc
123
What function do myosin and actin do in cells?
*function in cellular motility, mitosis, transport of intracellular material
124
What is the A band?
* anisotropic (functionally depend on direction)
| * where thick and think filaments overlap is especially dark
125
What is the H band?
* middle of A band
| * thick filaments only
126
What is the M line?
* middle of H band
| * anchoring thick filaments
127
What is the I band?
* alternating lighter band
* isotropic
* the way the bands reflect polarized light
128
What is the Z disc?
*provides anchorage for think filaments and elastic filaments (titin)
129
Muscles cells shorten because their individual _ shortens?
*sarcomere
130
What three myofilaments are found in myofibrils?
* thick filaments
* think filaments
* elastic filaments
131
What are some contractile proteins?
*myosin and actin
132
What are some regulatory proteins?
* tropomyosin and troponin
| * block the myosin binding site so it can't bind with actin
133
What does Ca bind to?
*troponin
134
What determines calcium availability?
* sarcoplasmic reticulum
* terminial cisternae
* t tubules (triad)
135
What houses Ca?
*terminial cisternae
136
What are myofilaments?
*at least seven other accessory proteins in or associated with thick or think filaments
137
What is one myofilaments?
*Dystrophin (most clinically important)
138
What is Dystrophin?
* links actin in outermost myofilaments to transmembrane proteins and eventually to fibrous endomysium surrounding the entire muscle cell
* transfers forces of muscle contraction to CT around muscle cell
139
What is muscular dystrophy?
* more extreme
| * hereditary disease in which skeletal muscles degenerate and weaken, and are replaced with fat and fibrous scar tissue
140
What is muscular dystrophy caused by?
* sex linked recessive trait
| * more likely in boys
141
Skeletal muscle never contracts unless stimulated by what?
* a nerve
142
What is denervation atrophy?
*shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when connection not restored
143
What are nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles?
*somatic motor neurons
144
What are somatic motor fibers?
*their axons that lead to the skeletal muscle
145
Each nerve fiber branches out to a number of what?
*muscle fibers
146
Each muscle fiber is supplied by what?
*only one motor neuron
147
What is one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it?
*motor unit
148
What do muscle fibers of one motor unit do?
– Dispersed throughout the muscle
– Contract in unison
– Produce weak contraction over wide area
– Provides ability to sustain long term contraction as motor units take turn contracting (postural control)
149
What is the average motor unit?
*200 muscle fibers for each motor unit
150
What are small motor units?
* fine degree of control
| * three to six muscle fibers per neuron
151
What are large motor units?
* more strength than control
| * many muscle fibers per motor unit
152
What is a synapse?
* a point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell
153
What is the Neuromuscular junction?
*when target cell is a muscle fiber
154
What is a synaptic knob?
*swollen end of a nerve fiber *contains synaptic vesicles filled with ACh)
155
What is the synaptic cleft?
*tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sarcolemma
156
What do schwann cells do?
*envelops and isolates all of the NMJ from surrounding tissue fluid
157
What do synaptic vesicles undergo and release?
*undergo exocytosis and release ACh into synaptic cleft
158
How many ACh receptors do you have in your body?
*over 50 million
159
What do junctional folds do?
*increase SA holding ACh receptors
160
Lack of ACh receptors leads to paralysis in disease?
*myasthenia gravis (cannot contract the muscle)
161
What is basal lamina?
*think layer of collagen and glycoprotein separates schwann cell and entire muscle cell from surrounding tissues (contains AChE)
162
What does AChE break down?
*ACh after contraction causing relaxation
163
What are stirations due to?
*overlap of thick and thin filaments
164
What is EPP?
* end plate potential or motor end plate
| * there is an actin potential on the other side of the membrane
165
Toxins that interfere with synaptic function can do what?
*paralyze the muscle
166
What do pesticides do to your body?
* contain cholinesterase inhibitors
* prevent it from degrading ACh
* spastic paralysis
167
What is spastic paralysis?
* a state of continual contraction of the muscles
| * possible suffocation
168
What is lock jaw or tetanus?
* form of spastic paralysis
* lives in rustic metal
* blocks glycine, overstimulates and spastic paralysis of muscles
169
What is flaccid paralysis?
* a state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract
| * ex curare, and botulism
170
What is curare?
*compete with ACh for receptor sites, but do not stimulate the muscle (opposite of lock jaw)
171
What is botulism?
* type of food poisoning caused by a neuromuscular toxin
| * blocks release of ACh
172
How do muscles contract?
*sliding filament theory (filaments slide across each other)
173
What is the functional unit of muscle?
*sarcomere
174
In fully contracted muscle what happens?
* the H band disappears
| * the filaments overlap
175
How does the action potential propagate?
* depolarization (Na and K)
* propagation(voltage sensitive Ca gates)
* repolarization
176
How do nerves tell muscles to contract?
* action potentials
| * called excitation contraction coupling
177
How does the sarcomere contract?
*myosin attaches to actin on the think filament (cocking, attachment, power stroke, reattachment)
178
One complete cycle take how many ATP molecules?
*one
179
How does the sarcomere relax?
* ACh destruction
* Ca ion reuptake
* rigor morits
180
What is rigor mortis?
* hardening of muscles and stiffening of body beginning 3-4 hours after death
* muscle relaxation requires ATP, and ATP production is no longer produced after death
181
The specific part of the sarcomere structure that is only occupied by thick filaments and is lighter in color than the rest of that particular band is called the __________.
*H zone
182
What are the four main phases of contraction and relaxation?
* excitation
* excitation contraction coupling
* contraction
* relaxation
183
What is • The process in which nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials?
*excitation
184
What is the • Events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract?
*excitation contraction coupling
185
What is the • Step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten?
*contraction
186
What does relaxation use?
*titan
187
Know what the autonomic nervous system includes. What is its function? What are its divisions?
-Parasympathetic and Sympathetic, function is to maintain homeostasis
188
What is the main effector organ for the somatic motor division?
Skeletal muscle
189
Compare and Contrast parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems:
Parasympathetic- functions in “rest and digest”
| Sympathetic-functions in “fight or flight”
190
The dorsal horns of the spinal cord bring in?
__sensory______information
191
The ventral horn of the spinal cord puts out?
motor______information
192
-Where are the lateral horns located on the spinal cord? What are they associated with?
-in the thorocolumbar region of the spinal cord(region of sympathetic nerve fibers, associated with sympathetic nerve responses)
193
What in the white matter can relay signals up and down the spinal cord? How does this contrast with what is happening in the grey matter of the spinal cord?
ascending and descending tracts are located in the white matter and relay signals up and down the spinal cord.
-In the grey matter of the spinal cord, information is received (dorsal horn) and sent out(ventral horn), and integrated in the internueron
194
-How is a nerve packaged? What is the outermost layer that covers the entire nerve? What is the layer that covers the bundle/fascicles? What is the layer that covers a nerve fiber?
epinuerium covers entire nerve, perinuerium covers the fascicles, endoneurium covers nerve fiber
195
Compare and contrast the question above to muscle packaging. What are the similarities you can find?
Similarities: perimyseum covers fascicles just like perinuerium covers the nerve, endomyseum covers muscle fiber just like endonuerium covers nerve fiber
196
Know the 5 parts of a reflex in order
Sensory receptor, Afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron, effector organ
197
What are the 5 general characteristics of a somatic reflex? How do somatic reflexes contrast with visceral reflexes?
-stereotyped, involuntary, fast, needs sensory input, involves skeletal muscle
Visceral reflexes- stereotyped, automatic, cardiac and smooth muscle, slow, has visceral receptors and effectors
198
What is the thoracolumbar division? What part of the autonomic nervous system is this associated with?
part of the spinal cord where the sympathetic nerve fibers originate
199
Where are the adrenal glands found? What do they secrete?
on top of the kidneys, they secrete NE and E(Norepinephrine and epinephrine)
200
What does the enteric nervous system control?
controls motility of the G.I. tract and secretion of enzymes
201
What are the targets of the spinal nerve?
Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles
202
What are the targets of the sympathetic nerve?
Iris, salivary glands, lungs, heart, thoracic blood vessels, esophagus
203
What are the targets of the splanchnic nerve?
Liver, spleen, adrenal glands, stomach, intestines, kidneys, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
204
Nicotinic receptors are found where?
Between the pre-ganglionic and post ganglionic nerve fibers(they rest on the proximal side of the post ganglionic fiber)
205
Muscarinic receptors are found where?
Between the post-ganglionic nerve fibers and the target cell(they rest on the proximal side of the target cell)
Muscarinic receptors excite intestines but inhibit the cardiac muscle
206
What is the general idea behind dual innervation?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems both regulating the same target organ. They can either have opposite, antagonistic effects. Or, they can work together as agonists.
207
What are 3 signs of meth mouth?
1. bruxism 2. Bad hygiene 3. hyposalivation
208
What is in the I-band?
Only thin filaments
209
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is the main storage site for what ion?
calcium
210
What makes up the Triad?
t-tubule and two terminal cisternaes
211
What part of the triad does the EPP go down into?
t-tubule
212
How long does Rigor mortis last?
60 hours
213
Be able to describe what steps occur at the neuromuscular junction during excitation. What ion channels are activated on the acetylcholine receptors?
* Two Acetylcholine nuerotransmitters bind to receptors on the muscle membrane
* Binding triggers an action potential (or more specifically, an end plate potential), sodium begins to rush into the muscle cell, like the same process we learned about before with the action potential graph……
214
Where does the EPP go and what ion does it trigger the release of? Where does this ion diffuse?
The end plate potential goes through the t tubule and triggers the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae, which diffuses through the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
215
What does this ion bind to on the thin filament and what conformational change does this influence?
Calcium binds to traponin on the thin filament, a conformational change of traponin occurs, this change causes tropomyosin to uncover its binding site for myosin.
216
What molecule binds to the myosin heads first?
ATP
217
What enzyme hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and P?
ATPase
218
Parts of contraction:
1. Cocking step(myosin head bends back)
2. Binding step (myosin head binds to binding site on actin filament)
3. Power Stroke(myosin head pushes back to overlap the thin and thick filament)
