Exam 4 Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of form and structure (Greek word: to cut up)
2
Q
Physiology
A
Study of processes
3
Q
Pathophysiology
A
Study of how diseases affects the body function
4
Q
Organization of tissues, organs, cells, and systems?
A
Cells to tissues to organs to systems
5
Q
Protoplasm
A
Basic substance of life; substance within the cell including the membrane; made of ordianry elements; 90% water and contains mineral salts, gasses, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
6
Q
How many embryo cells does it take to make one muscle fiber cell?
A
100
7
Q
Tiniest cell in the human body? (Most trouble)
A
Sperm
8
Q
Cell membrane
A
Made out of phoso-lipids, and carbohydrates. Forms a boundary creates a huge area for chemical reaction. It controls what goes in and out of the cell
9
Q
Cytoplasm
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The liquid in the cell. They chytoplasm is very similar to the plasma in the blood. 90% of water. Protein, carbohydrates, and fats. All catabolic and anabolic reactions go on in the here.
10
Q
Organelles
A
Maintain the life of the cell. Organelles direct activity. Controls the cell.
11
Q
Nucleus
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The brain of the cell. A jelly like mass. Controls all activities. Cell division
12
Q
Nucleolous
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Located within the nucleus. Holds the DNA. Copy cells. Produces ribosomes.
13
Q
Chromatin
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Made out of DNA and protein. When the cells start to divide they form chromosomes
14
Q
46 Chromosomes- 23 each pair
A
30,000 to 45,000 genes at conception
15
Q
Centrosome
A
Located near the center of the cell.Major role during mitosis. Create spindles so you have an equal amount of chromosomes
16
Q
Mitochondia
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Rod shaped organelles. They are the power house of the cell. Source of energy(ATP)
17
Q
Golgi Apparatus
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Made out of the membrane like the plasma membrane. They “gift wrap” all the secretions made by the cells.
18
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Network that runs from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. Also aids in the synthesis of proteins. Two different kinds of reticulums: Rough and smooth.
19
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Have no ribosomes and they produce and they produce fats and the steroid like cells
20
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Has ribosomes
21
Q
Vacuoles
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Storage unit. Stores waste products. Biggest waste produce are carbon dioxide and urea.
22
Q
Lysosomes
A
Oval shaped. Contain digestive enzymes. They break things down-old cells, foreign matter, and toxic waste.
23
Q
Pinocytic Vesicles
A
Smaller particles that they cells need to maintain the energy level. Lot of fluids use these.
24
Q
Mitosis
A
Asexual reproduction process used by most cells; different types of cells will reproduce at different rates for mitosis; they system that reproduces the fastest is skin; Muscle cells go through mitosis but only do it once every couple of months; brain cells and nervous system will never go through mitosis; the heart will never go through mitosis
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Asexual
Reproduces by themselves (daughter cells) identical to "mother" cells
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Desquamate
The sloughing of the cells
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Process of Meiosis
When sex cells reproduce
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Chromosomes
23 in each male and female sex cells (total of 46)
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What does zygote mean?
We have fertilization
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Fertilization takes place where?
In the fallopian tube (7 days to travel the fallopian tube)
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Tissue
Cells of same type joined together; made out of 69%-90% water; second link in the organization of the human body
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Epithelial tissue
Repairs its self the quickest; usually found in areas that things need to slide over it. (lining skin, lining of the heart, lining of the bone)
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Connective tissue
All sorts of tissues; used for structure, posture, insulation, and padding. Carriers blood.
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Nerve tissue
Only in the brain, spinal cords, and nerves.Its purpose electrical wiring and controls tissues. Hardest to repair if damaged. Cannot repair destroyed tissues. These cells can't reproduce
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Muscle Tissue
To protect the body. 3 types (Skeletal, myocardium, smooth muscle)
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Skeletal muscle
Voluntary; your deltoids, gluts, and diaphragm
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Myocardium
Cardiac muscle; only found in the heart; involuntary; Once it is destroyed it is gone forever
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Smooth muscle
Involuntary; found in hallow organs; your stomach, uterus; helps with digestion; propel things through the body using peristalsis
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Peristalsis
Wavelike contraction
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Organs
tow or more tissues joined together for a specific purpose
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Systems
Organs and other body parts joined together for a particular function
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Body Planes
Imaginary lines drawn through body at various levels to separate body into section
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Anatomic position
Palms out arms out
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Transverse plane (directional terms)
Anything we cut across (top to bottom)
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Midsagittal or Median plane (Directional terms)
Cut in half (right and left)
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Frontal plane (directional terms)
Front plane
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Cornel plane (directional terms)
back plane
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Proximal (directional terms)
Close to the site of origin
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Distal (directional terms)
Away from the site of origin
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Anterior & Ventral (directional terms)
The front
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Postural and dorsal (direction terms)
The back
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Cavities
Spaces within the body contain vital organs
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Cranial Cavity
The cranial cavity protects the bone (in the dorsal or posterior cavity)
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Spinal Cavity
Protects the spinal cord (in the dorsal or posterior cavity)
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Thoracic Cavity
Chest cavity protected by bone and muscle, protected by ribs, houses the hearts, lungs, and great vessels
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Abdominal Cavity
Begins at the diaphragm (separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity) only protected by muscles. (Gangs used these to kill people) (3 minutes to bleed out)
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Pelvic Cavity
Sits within the pelvic bone. Protected by bones and muscle. Protects reproduction and bladder.
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Skin's Structures
Sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails
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Skin is called what?
A membrane, and organ
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Epidermis
first layer of the skin; mechanical barrier (roof) keeps things in
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Dermis
"true" skin blood vessels, nerves, majority of the work is done for the skin.
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Hypodermis
Inner most layer made up of adipose tissue. For insulation, energy, structure to hold to the next layer of the human body
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Sudoriferous Glands
Sweat glands
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Nails
made of dead, epithelial tissue. To protected fingers and to aid in gripping
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Integumentary System (Skin)
Protection, sensory perception, regulation of body temperature, storage, execration, production of Vitamin D, and absorpation
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Skin color pigmentation
Skin color is inherited and determined by pigments in the epidermis
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Melanin
Brownish pigment to your skin
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Carotene
yellowish, red pigment to your skin
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Albino
Absecne of skin pigments; skin has pinkish tint; hair is pale yellow or white; eyes are red in color and sensitive to light
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Erythema
Reddish abnormal skin color; caused by tissue damage, vaso dilation
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Jaundice
Yellowish discoloration due to a build up of the bile. Associated with liver failure. First sign is yellow eyes
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Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration due to lack of oxygen. Lack of oxygen to the tissue. Good when you are cold. Associated with heart and lung disease
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Skeletal System
Made of organs called bones (206); serves as framework for muscles, fat, and skin; protects internal structures; produces blood cells; stores calcium, and phosphorous; acts as levers for the human body
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Long Bones
Longer than they are wide
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Diaphysis
Shaft or middle part of your long bone
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Epiphysis
Ends of long bones
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Between the diaphysis and the Epiphysis
Growth plates
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Medullary canal
Center of the middle of the long bones; filled with yellow marrow; made out of adipose tissue
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Yellow Marrow
Allows you to walk, run, and do stuff without injuring the bone
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Endosteum
Lines the medullary cavity; looks shiny
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Red marrow
Produces blood cells; stem cells come from here; ends of the long bones and in the flat bones
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Bone Marrow (transplant)
Hardest transplant ever
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Periosteum
Tough outside layer of the bone; protects the bone; forms a mechanical barrier; contains the blood and lymphatic vessels of the bone
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Articular cartilage
Covers the ends of the long bones; aids in the joints (joint replacement)
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Axial (skeleton)
main trunk of body; skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
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Appendicular (skeleton)
Extremities; shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
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Frontal bone
Forehead
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Parietal bones
Side bones
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Temporal bones
Temporal bone (two)
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Occipital bone
Bone in the back (lower) you cannot see that on a normal x-ray
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Ethmoid bone
only bone you cannot see external (deep inside behind nose) joins with every other bone
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Spheroid bone
The floor of your cranial cavity, looks like a butterfly
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Sutures (bone)
Fusses cranial bones together
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Fontanels
Soft spots in the head. Makes breathing eaiser
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Sinuses (bone)
Spaces or caved out areas inside the skull and facial bones (warm, humidify air, lighten load of the skull)
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Foramina (bones)
Hole in the bone that allows for the passage way of nerves, spinal cord, and blood vessels
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Only movable mandible?
Jaw bone
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Maxilla
Upper jaw
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Two zygomatic bones
Cheek bones
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Lacrimal
Inner part of your eye
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Palatine
bone makeup of roof of your mouth
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Spinal column
25 bones; protects the spinal cord; suppers head and trunk;
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Cervical
(7) in the neck
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Thoracic vertebrae
(12) chest, attached to ribs
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Lumbar
(5) waist
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Sacrum
(1) back of pelvic girdle
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Coccyx
(1) tailbone
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Ribs
12 pairs of long slender bones; attached to thoracic vertebrae;
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True ribs
first 7 pairs; attached to sternum
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False ribs
8,9,10
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Floating ribs
11 & 12
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Sternum
Breastbone; consist of three parts (look lke a dagger); two clavicles attach (collarbone), ribs attach with cartilage
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Abduction
Movement away from the midline
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Adduction
Movement towards the midline
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Adipose Tissue
fatty tissue
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Anterior
Before or in front of
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Aorta
Largest artery in the body; carriers blood away from the heart
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Aortic Valve
Flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta
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Apena
Absence of respiration; temporary cessation of respirations
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Arteriole
Smallest branch of an artery; vessel that connects arteries to capillaries
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Bradycardia
Slow heart rate; usually below 60 beats per minute
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Capillaries
Tiny blood vessel that connects arterioles and venues and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and body cells
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Cataract
Condition of the eye where the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to blindness
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Cerebellum
The section of the brain that is dorsal the pons and medulla oblongata; maintains balance and equilibrium
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Cerebrum
Largest section of the brain; involved in sensory interoperation and voluntary muscle activity
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Cervix
Entrance to or lower part of the uterus
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Cilia
Hairlike projections
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Circumduction
Moving in a circle at a joint, or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary
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Cochlea
Snail-shaped section the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti for hearing
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Color of blood
Red
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Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye
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Contracture
Tightening or shortening of a muscle
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Contractility
To shorten, decrease in size, or draw together
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Cornea
The transparent section of the sclera; allows light rays to enter the eye
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Diastolic
Period of relaxation of the heart
136
Diencephalon
The section of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
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Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
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Ejaculatory Duct
In the male, duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra
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Embolus
A blood clot or mass of material circulation in the blood vessels
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Epididymis
Tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens
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Epilepsy
A chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by motor and sensory dysfunction, sometimes accompanied by convulsions and unconsciousness
142
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBC)
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Extension
Increasing the angle between two parts; straightening the limb
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Fascia
Fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscles
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Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb
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Function of Thrombocyte
(platelet) blood cell required for clotting of the blood
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Function of Bile
Aids in the emulsification of fats during digestion
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Hard palate
Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
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Hemoglobin
The iron-containting protein of the red blood cells; serves to carry oxygen form the lungs to the tissues
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Inferior
Below; under
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Involuntary Muscles
Independent action not controlled by choice or desire; include
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Iris
Colored portion of the eye; composed of muscular or contractile, tissue that regulates the size of the pupil
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Joints
An articulation, or area where two bones meet or join
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Lateral
Pertaining to the side
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Lens
Crystalline structure suspended behind the phil of the eye; refracts or lens light rays onto the retina;also, the magnifying glass in a microscope
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Leukocyte
White blood cell (WBC)
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Ligaments
Fibrous tissue that connects the bone to bone
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Medial
Pertaining to the middle or midline
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Medulla Oblongata
The lower part of the brainstem; controls visual processes such as respiration and heart beat
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Meninges
Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
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Midbrain
That portion of the brian that connects the pons and cerebellum; rely center for impulses
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Mitral Valve
Flap or cusp between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart
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Muscle tone
State of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act
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Neuron
Nerve cell
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Organ of Corti
Structure in the cochlea of the ear; organ of hearing
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Origin
End or area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts
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Ovaries
Endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell, or ovum
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Pancreas
Gland that is dorsal to the stomach; secrets insulin and digestive juices
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Paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower half of the body
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Parasympathetic
A division of the autonomic nervous system
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Perineum
Region between the vagina and anus in the female and between the scrotum and anus in the male
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Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
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Pons
That portion of the brainstem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain
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Pleura
A serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
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Posterior
Toward the back; behind
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Pupil
Opening or hole in the center of the iris of the eye; allows light to enter the eye
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Pulmonary valve
Flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery
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Pyrexia
fever
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Quadriplegia
Paralysis below the neck; paralysis of arms and legs
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Retina
Th sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision
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Rotation
Movement around a central axis; a turing
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Salivary Amylase
Breaks food up in the mouth
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Salivary Glands
Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion
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Sclera
White outer coat of the eye
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Scrotum
Double pouch containing the testes and epididymis in the male individual
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Semicircular canals
Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium
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Seminal vesicle
One of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual; secrets thick , viscous fluid for semen
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Superior
Above, on top, or higher than
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Tachycarida
Fast, rapid, heart beat; usually more than 100 beats per minute in an adult
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Tendon
Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bone
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Testes
Gonads or endocrine glands that are located in the scrotum of the male and that produce sperm and male hormones
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Thrombocyte
Platelets
193
Tricuspid valve
Flap or cusp between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart
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Varicose veins
swollen veins
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Vas deferens
Also called the ductus deferens; the tube that carrie sperm and semen from the epidermis to the ejaculatory duct in the male body
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Veins
Blood vessels that carries blood back to the heart
197
Ventricles
One of two lower chambers of the heart; also a cavity in the brain
198
Venules
The smaller type of vein; connects capillaries and veins
199
Vestibule
Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal
200
Villi
Tiny projections from a surface; in the small intestine, projections that aid in the absorption of nutrients
201
Voluntary muscles
Under one's control; done by one's choice or desire
202
Amount of blood in humans
The body pumps 2,000 gallons of blood a day
203
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart. (Aorta is the largest in the body)
204
Buccal Cavity
mouth (tongue and teeth)
205
Cardiac Muscle
forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood
206
Cellular Respirations
cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
207
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system; "transportation"; consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
208
Cirrhosis
Chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue
209
Clotting Proteins
Thrombocytes
210
Cranial Cavity
Contains the brain
211
Digestive System
Digests food physically and chemically, transports food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste; mouth salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
212
Dorsal Cavity
One long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body divided into two sections: cranial cavity and spinal cavity
213
Endocrine system
Produces and secrets hormones to regulate body processes; contains: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and thymus glands; pancreas, ovaries, testes
214
External Respirations
is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood stream
215
Hemiplegia
Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
216
Internal respirations
is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream
217
Olfactory recceptors
Located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. (Sense of smell)
218
Orbital cavity
eyes
219
platelets
fragments or pieces of cells that are formed in the bone marrow and live for about 5-9 days.
220
Respiratory system
breathes in oxygen and elimates carbon dioxide; nose pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
221
Somatic system
carries messages between the CNS and the body
222
Sympathetic system
nervous system prepares the body to act by increasing heart rate, repiration, and blood pressure, and slowing activity in the digestive tract
223
Systolic
ventricular contraction
224
Thrombophlephitis
Thrombus or clot
225
Urinary system
filters bdlood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine
226
Biology
the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.
227
Afferent nerves
toward the cell
228
Efferent nerves
away from the cell
229
Axon
a usually long and single nerve-cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body
230
Basophils
a white blood cell containing basophilic granules that is similar in function to a mast cell
