Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

diversity of living things

i. species diversity
ii. distribution
iii. genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

prokaryote

A

DNA not in nucleus, small, simple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

eukaryote

A

DNA in nucleus, larger, more complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bacteria characteristics

A

i. single-cell prokaryote (no nucleus)
ii. reproduces using DNA
iii. everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bacteria roles in society and nature

A

+++ benefits
helps create and break down food
aid immune system

— ways harmful
waste product when breaking down food may be harmful (red meat and heart disease)
infection
spoils food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

cocci (spherical)
bacilli (rod-like)
spirochetes (spiral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

reproduction of bacteria

A

binary fission (asexual reproduction - doesn’t need partner)

DNA replicated
circular chromosome pulls apart to form two daughters
each gets DNA and plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nitrogen fixation

A
  • nitrogen (N2) used by proteins and DNA
  • we can’t process atmospheric nitrogen
  • bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms we can use (ammonium and nitrates)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

protists characteristics

A

i. most single-cell
ii. has nucleus
iii. no other defining characteristics, though genetically related and similar to each other
iv. “junk drawer” containing all eukaryotes that aren’t plants, animals, or fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

types of evidence for how eukaryotes evolved

A

comes from protists, since they were first eukaryotes to evolve

evolving energy assimilation
steps toward multicellular organisms
steps toward sexual reproduction
steps toward motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: energy assimilation

A

Euglena

- both autotrophic and heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward multicellular organisms

A

Golden Algae
- clusters to form a primitive multicellular state

Volvox

- forms spheres up to 50K big
- only few cells reproduce (like us)
     - cells unused for reproduction still show up indirectly in next generation
     - selected for because it saves energy not to          recreate every single cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward sexual reproduction

A

chlamydomonas

- produces both positive and negative gametes
- asexual when no mates
- sexual reproduction creates variation and better chance for survival
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

evidence for evolution of eukaryotes: steps toward motility

A

paramecium
- cilia: hair-like structures on outside of cell provides primitive movement

amoeba
- pseudopodia: “false foot” allows for more flexible mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fungi characteristics

A

heterotrophic (via mycelium)

  1. saprobe
    • nutrition from dead organic matter
    • secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients

most multi-cellular (except yeast)

sessile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fungi roles in society and nature

A

+++ benefits

  1. yeast
  2. food
  3. decomposers
  4. antibiotics
  • – ways harmful
    1. poisonous
    2. infections
    3. mold, mildew, rot
    4. plant disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fungal associations

A

can form mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with other organisms

  1. lichen
    fungus among algae or photosynthetic bacteria
  2. mycorrhizae
    fungal hyphae wrap around roots without penetration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

life cycle stages of fungi

A

sexual
1. fruiting body creates haploid gametes that fuse/fertilize to produce diploid zygote (dikaryotic phase)

  1. through meiosis, diploid zygote becomes haploid spores

asexual
3. spores disperse to become new gametophyte fungus generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

plant characteristics

A

i. autotrophic
ii. multi-cellular
iii. sessile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

alternation of generations

A

life cycle of plants alternating between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

seed

A

embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

major evolutionary adaptations of plants

A

multi-cellular form

- lacks vascular system so can’t transport water
- all water intake is via diffusion

vascular tissue
- tissues hardened with lignin which allows it to grow tall

seeds
- naked seed not surrounded by fruit

fruits and flowers

- seed contained in fruit
- requires a lot of energy to produce, but is selected for because fruit attracts animals, which can spread seeds further away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ancestors of all plants

A

green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

major evolutionary forms of plants

A

bryophytes (mosses)
ferns
gymnosperms (conifers)
angiosperms (fruiting and/or flower bearing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

spores

A

haploid reproductive cells used in asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

gametes

A

haploid reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid generation that gives rise to haploid gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid generation that gives rise to haploid spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

dikaryotic

A

each compartment in hypha contains a 2 nuclei cell that fuses to produce a diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

fungi appearance

A
  1. fruiting body
  2. hyphae (long, tube-like filaments)
  3. mycelium [root-like network (web of hyphae)]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ecology

A

interactions between organisms, and between those organisms and their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

population

A

group of breeding individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

smallest unit of ecology

A

population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

counting a motile species

A

mark and recapture
collect number of individuals (M), tag, release
recapture new number (n)
document number already tagged (m) from new group
population size (N) = Mn/m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

focus of population ecologists

A

size of populations
how those populations grow over time
the factors that regulate that growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how populations grow over time

A

i. arithmetic growth
ii. exponential growth model
iii. logistical growth model

38
Q

arithmetic growth

A

linear

number produced today is the same no matter what, and is not dependent on any other day

39
Q

exponential growth

A
  1. new generation’s numbers dependent on previous generation’s numbers
  2. expansion of a population in an ideal environment
  3. rate of population growth increases as population size increases
40
Q

logistical growth

A
  1. as populations grow, resources become limited

2. growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying capacity (K)

41
Q

K

A

carrying capacity: the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

determined by environmental resources (ER)

42
Q

R

A

birth rate

43
Q

population size (N)

A

Mn/m

44
Q

K-selected species

A

i. live at carrying capacity
ii. a lot of time and energy devoted to few numbers of young (equilibrial life history)
iii. ex: humans, elephants

45
Q

R-selected species

A

i. breed regardless of carrying capacity
1. determined by how fast species can reproduce when conditions are right (ex: fruit flies)
ii. little if any time spent caring for numerous offspring
iii. opportunistic life history

46
Q

where on Earth is highest species diversity

A

near the equator

declines as move toward poles

47
Q

community

A

all living things in a given area

48
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in a given area

49
Q

species evenness

A

abundance of individuals within each species in a given area

50
Q

niche

A

species’ role in their community

i. how that species affects other members of community
ii. no two niches are identical

51
Q

types of species

A

i. native
ii. nonnative
iii. keystone
iv. foundation

52
Q

native species

A

those that normally live and thrive in a particular area (ex: black-tailed deer)

53
Q

nonnative species

A

those that migrate, or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community (ex: rabbits in Australia)

54
Q

keystone species

A

helps maintain structure and function of the community where it is found

a major species whose actions allow others to live in a community

determines type and number of other species in a community, thereby helping to sustain it

55
Q

foundation species

A

type of keystone species

physically alters habitats, creating and enhancing them to benefit other species in a community (ex: beavers, elephants)

56
Q

types of species interactions

A 
competition
predation
parasitism
mutualism
commensalism
57
Q

resource partitioning

A

when species divide up a particular resource, and have evolved to use different parts of that resource, allowing it to coexist (can’t have same niche)

58
Q

parasitism

A

one species feeds on part of another organism without killing it

i. inside host: tapeworms
ii. outside host: ticks
iii. little contact with host: cowbirds

59
Q

mutualism

A

two species interact in a way that benefits both

60
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, but the other is neither helped nor hurt

61
Q

ecological succession

A

gradual replacement of a species by a succession of other species in a community

62
Q

primary succession

A

gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where no soil or sediment remain

ex: volcanic eruption

63
Q

secondary succession

A

series of communities developing in places containing soil or sediment

ex: fires or floods

64
Q

coevolution

A

each species directly affects the evolution of another

ex: wolf and caribou

65
Q

animal characteristics

A

multi-cellular
have a blastula
heterotrophic
motile

66
Q

number of cells in a human

A

50 trillion

67
Q

tissue

A

cells with similar functions

68
Q

reason multi-cellularity selected for in animals

A

division of labor (cell specialization)

69
Q

fertilization

A

sperm fertilizes egg to form a single-celled diploid zygote

70
Q

process of sexual reproduction in animals

A

a. fertilization
b. cleavage and division of cells (rapid mitosis)
c. blastula
d. gastrula

71
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells

72
Q

gastrula

A

embryonic stage made of three germ layers, where differentiation (cell specialization) starts

73
Q

three germ layers

A

primary tissues of animals

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

74
Q

symmetry

A

consistent pattern of an organism

75
Q

types of symmetry

A

asymmetry: no symmetry
ex: sponges

radial symmetry: mirror image if cut along midpoint
ex: jellyfish

bilateral symmetry: mirror image if cut along left-right axis
ex: humans

pentaradial: five pointed symmetry
ex: starfish

76
Q

taxonomy

A

classification of organisms into groups

77
Q

taxonomy list

A

(King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti)

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
78
Q

human taxonomy

A

(Anyone Can Make Perfectly Healthy Hot-Hot Stew)

Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens
79
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of tube going one way through body

80
Q

coelom

A

fluid filled space that forms between digestive tract and outer wall of the body

81
Q

biomes

A

major terrestrial or aquatic life zone

characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and physical environment in aquatic biomes

82
Q

ecosystem

A

all things, living (biotic) and dead (abiotic), in an area, and how those things interact

83
Q

pioneering species

A

first species in primary succession that creates soil layer as it decomposes

84
Q

climax community

A

community that is stable over a long period of time (ex: oaks in our area)

85
Q

carbon cycle process

A

i. autotrophic organisms convert abiotic CO2 to biotic carbon through photosynthesis
ii. biotic carbon back to abiotic CO2 through cellular respiration and because animals consume plants, die, and decompose

86
Q

major ingredient of all organic molecules

A

carbon

87
Q

nitrogen cycle process

A

i. bacteria converts to usable form form (used by animals and then humans) through nitrogen fixation
ii. N2 reenters atmosphere as byproduct of bacteria feeding on decayed matter

88
Q

essential to structure and function of all organisms as an ingredient of proteins and nucleic acids

A

nitrogen

89
Q

water cycle process

A

i. oceans evaporate into water vapor
ii. water vapor condenses to form clouds, rain
iii. precipitation feeds vegetation or is stored in ground (aquifer)

90
Q

energy flow process

A

i. sunlight
ii. autotrophs convert to food (producers)
iii. heterotrophs eat plants (consumers)
iv. recycled into atmosphere via decomposers

only 10% energy efficiency (90% lost at each trophic level)

more energy available early on so can’t sustain many top level consumers

91
Q

saprobe

A

gets nutrition from dead organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes

Bio 101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions