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Pathophysiology Lab > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

T cells, B cells, lymph nodes, lymph and blood vessels, and WBCs

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2
Q

Define innate immunity

A

Natural, non-adaptive, and non-specific

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3
Q

What are examples of innate immunity?

A

1st response = physical (skin) and chemical barriers (pH)

2nd response = inflammation and phagocytosis

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4
Q

Define adaptive immunity

A

Changes depending on what it’s dealing with and is acquired throughout your life; T and B cells adapt to change for different infections

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5
Q

What are examples of adaptive immunity?

A

Exposure to the disease or receiving a vaccine

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6
Q

What is the first line of dense?

A

Innate immunity via physical (skin mucous membranes, vomit, cough, urination) and chemical barriers (sweat, tears, mucus) and norma flora

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7
Q

What is norma flora?

A

A bacteria located in the GI tract that is good and helpful to the body

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8
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Innate immunity via inflammation and phagocytosis

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9
Q

What occurs as a result of inflammation?

A

Vasodilation, increased permeability, slow down blood flow, and increased clotting; complement system is activated

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10
Q

What occurs as a result of phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils (1st responders) eat foreign objects (cell walls, flagella, pili, mostly bacteria); macrophages are activated

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11
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Direct or indirect destruction of cells by plasma proteins produced in the liver; activated macrophage attack complex (MAC)

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12
Q

What occurs in the complement system?

A

Opsonization, chemotaxis, and anaphylaxis

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13
Q

Define opsonization

A

A marker is placed on bacteria to flag down macrophages to come and kill it

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14
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Movement of WBC from the bone marrow to the site of infection

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15
Q

Define anaphylaxis

A

Wide spread

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16
Q

What is MAC?

A

Plasma proteins C5b-C9 from the complement system form holes in the cell which lyses the cell through influx of extracellular fluids

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17
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Specific and adaptive using cell-mediated lymphocytes and antibody-mediated (humoral) B cells and T cells

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18
Q

Where do the B cells come from?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

To make antibodies

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20
Q

Where do T cells come from?

A

Bone marrow, but are then moved to the Thymus where they mature

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21
Q

Which cells are involved in the immune response?

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs), T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

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22
Q

What are the two types of APCs?

A

MHC I and MCH II

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23
Q

What are MHC I used for?

A

Any cell virally infected or cancer cells

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24
Q

What do MHC I do?

A

Put CD8 receptor on surface of infected cell and Cytotoxic T cell reads it

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25
Q

What are MHC II used for?

A

Professional macrophages

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26
Q

What do MHC II do?

A

Eat bacteria and present CD4 receptor on the outside of the cell and Helper T cell reads it

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27
Q

What do the three types of Helper T cells do?

A

HT1 = activate more; divide
HT2 = go to B cells; find antibody turns into plasma cell
Memory T cells = remember macrophages and B cells for increased second response

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28
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Look for cells that lack MHC molecules and trigger the cell for apoptosis

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29
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Something that can bind to an antibody and create an immune response

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30
Q

What is the variable part on an antibody that binds to the antigen?

A

Fab

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31
Q

What is the constant portion of an antibody?

A

Fc

32
Q

Which antibody is the first on the scene?

A

IgM

33
Q

Which antibody is the second on the scene and increases in case of a second exposure?

A

IgG

34
Q

Define opsonization

A

Flagging for destruction

35
Q

Define antigen

A

Auto-, allo-, or heterophile cell markers

36
Q

Define neutrophil

A

Phagocyte; poor antigen presenter

37
Q

Define macrophage

A

Phagocyte; professional antigen presenter

38
Q

Define autoimmunity

A

Targeted self-antigens

39
Q

Define pathogen

A

Disease-causing microorganism

40
Q

Define Th lymphocyte

A

Signaled by macrophages; signal Tc and B cells

41
Q

Define Tc lymphocyte

A

Target virally-infected cells

42
Q

Define plasma cell

A

A specific immunity blood cell

43
Q

Define IgG antibody

A

Prominent in secondary immune response

44
Q

Define cytokines

A

Cellular communication

45
Q

Define IgA antibody

A

Present in secretions

46
Q

How does Chlamydia reproduce?

A

Has to be inside the cell

47
Q

What is an elementary body?

A

Attach to the cell

48
Q

What is an reticular body?

A

Inside the cell and infects it

49
Q

What do we test for?

A

Elementary bodies - antibodies will attach to them if present

50
Q

What happens in direct fluorescent?

A

Glow greens when attached to elementary body

51
Q

What happens in direct ELISA?

A

“Antigen sandwich”; antigens attach to antibodies then another antibody attaches to the antigen and an enzyme will attach to the other antibody. Place a substrate for enzyme and it will change color

52
Q

What happens in indirect ELISA?

A

?

53
Q

In the serology test, the fluorescence is found on what?

A

Antibody

54
Q

What would most likely happen if you forgot to fix the samples to the slide?

A

Test negatie due to washing steps removing samples

55
Q

Which sample showed residual non-specific binding after the washing steps?

A

Pt C

56
Q

Which pt samples contained Chlamydia-specific antigen?

A

Pt B

57
Q

How is Chlamydia transmission prevented?

A

Abstinence, faithfulness, and mutual monogamy

58
Q

What is the source of the pt sample?

A

Epithelial scrapings

59
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Specific part of the antigen that the antibody binds to

60
Q

What antigen is a home pregnancy test testing for?

A

HCG

61
Q

Which tests positive pt sample contains antibodies specific to antigen of interest?

A

True indirect ELISA

62
Q

Which part of the antibody do antigens bind to?

A

Fab the variable site

63
Q

What test tests positive with indirect ELISA?

A

Seroconversion

64
Q

What is the key substance in developing a buffer?

A

Enzyme linked to secondary antibody

65
Q

What are antibodies made out of?

A

Protein

66
Q

Describe the binding site of a secondary antibody

A

Constant region of a primary antibody

67
Q

What does a positive result for HIV in indirect ELISA contain?

A

Antibodies against HIV

68
Q

Which pt needs to be re-tested?

A

Pt B

69
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

The immune system reacting to things you wish they didn’t

70
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is immediate and reacts with allergies and resounds to something foreign with symptoms like: asthma, anaphylactic shock, diarrhea, etc

A

Type 1

71
Q

Which type of antibodies are stimulated with Type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Mast cell-bound IgE (varies in intensity)

72
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is tissue-specific and reacts with blood transfusions, Rh, and autoimmunity?

A

Type 2

73
Q

What type of antibodies are stimulated with type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Free antibodies IgG or IgM

74
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is immune complex and reacts with Lupus, RA, PG, glomerulonephritis?

A

Type 3

75
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is delayed, cell-mediated, and contact and reacts with Topical hapten protein?

A

Type 4

Pathophysiology Lab (7 decks)

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