Exam 4 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the urinary system?
A
- Regulate volume, composition, and pH of body fluids. (Water Volume and Osmotic balance)
- Elimination of drugs, food additives, and nitrogenous wastes (metabolic waste).
- Endocrine—-Release of compounds into blood to regulate Ca++ absorption, blood pressure, and erythrocyte formation.
2
Q
What is the primary way to control pH?
A
*lungs
3
Q
What is any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs?
A
*waste
4
Q
What is waste substance produced by the body?
A
*metabolic waste
5
Q
How is urea formed?
A
*Proteins–> amino acids –> NH2 removed –> forms ammonia, liver converts to urea
6
Q
What is a Product of nucleic acid catabolism?
A
*uric acid
7
Q
What is a product of creatine phosphate catabolism?
A
*creatinine
8
Q
What is separation of wastes from body fluids and the elimination of them?
A
*excretion
9
Q
What are the four body systems carried out by excretion?
A
- respiratory system
- integumentary system
- digestive system
- urinary system
10
Q
Where is the kidney located?
A
*outside of abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal)
11
Q
What is the storage organ?
A
*urinary bladder
12
Q
What kind of tissue is in the kidney?
A
*epithelium
13
Q
What kind of tissue is the capsule?
A
- connective (very thick)
* doesn’t stretch
14
Q
What structures collects urine/ filtrate?
A
*major and minor calyx
15
Q
What is just a bundle of tubules?
A
*renal pyramid
16
Q
How many nephrons does each kidney have?
A
*about 1.2 million nephrons
17
Q
What is a nephron?
A
*smallest functional unit of kidney
18
Q
What filters the blood plasma?
A
*renal corpuscle
19
Q
What is a long coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine?
A
*renal tubule
20
Q
What does the renal corpuscle consists of?
A
*of the glomerulus and a two-layered glomerular (Bowman) capsule that encloses glomerulus
21
Q
What is the outer layer of Bownman capsule called and what is the tissue?
A
- Parietal
* simple squamous
22
Q
What is the inner layer of Bowman capsule called and what cells are in it?
A
- visceral
* of elaborate cells called podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus
23
Q
What are the two types of nephrons?
A
- cortical nephron
* juxtamedullary nephron
24
Q
What nephron is about 85% of all nephrons?
A
*cortical
25
Which nephron has a very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and helps conserve water?
*juxtamedullary nephron
26
When fluid moves out of the blood and into Bowmans capsule what is it called?
*filtrate
27
What does the kidney have major control over?
*blood pressure
28
What separates the two layers of Bowman capsule?
*capsular space
29
Which loop is very thin?
*descending loop
30
Where does the collecting duct empty into?
*ureter
31
Does tubular reabsorption use energy?
*yes
32
What are the rules of the kidney?
*water follows solute, water flows bet through thinnest membrane, and water move passively (osmosis)
33
What is the goal of the kidney?
*move the solute around
34
What kind of control is the collecting duct under?
*hormonal control
35
Capillaries are what?
*fenestrated (easy to get fluid out under pressure)
36
What is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of the medullary pyramid?
*renal (uriniferous) tubule
37
What are the four regions the renal tubule is divided into?
* Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule: parts of one nephron
* Collecting duct receives fluid from many nephrons
38
What arises from glomerular capsule?
*PCT
39
What is the longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule?
*PCT
40
What tissue is in the PCT?
*simple cuboidal with microvilli for absorption
41
What tubule has a lot of blood supply?
*PCT
42
What is very leaky?
*capillary
43
What is the amount of glomerular filtration pressure (GFP)?
*50mm out
44
What is the amount of glomerular osmotic pressure (GOP)?
*25mm in
45
What won't cross?
*albumin and formed elements
46
What is the amount of capsular hydrostatic pressure?
*15mm
47
What is the total net force out of the renal tubule?
*10mm
48
If you squeeze down on efferent what happens to the pressure?
*goes up
49
If you squeeze down on the afferent what happens to the pressure?
*goes down
50
How much filtrate do you make in a day?
180L day (125mL/minute)
51
What is the goal to get back?
*glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals (get back 100% of these, 65% of water follows)
52
What is a long U-shaped portion of renal tubule?
*nephron loop (loop of henle)
53
What kind of tissue is in the thick and thin segments?
* simple cuboidal in thick
| * simple squamous in thin
54
What kind of tissue is in the DCT?
*cuboidal without microvilli
55
In the descending limb what moves easily?
*water moves easily but salt does not (permeable to water, impermeable to salt)
56
What is the ascending limb permeable to?
*impermeable to water, active salt pumps (move salt out, Na Cl follows)
57
What begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex?
*DCT
58
Which tubule is shorter and less coiled?
*DCT
59
What is being pushed through at a constant rate?
*salty solution (solutes)
60
What is the first step in PCT and describe it?
* reabsorb
| * put back vitamins, glucose and amino acids (good stuff)
61
What is the counter current multiplier process?
*multiply salt concentrations
62
No water comes out in what?
*ascending loop
63
If fluid moves through at a constant rate and water moves out of the descending loop what happens?
* move toward NaCl fluid in the tube
| * becomes more salty
64
On the ascending loop Na and Cl come out into ECF and what happens to the fluid in the tube?
*more dilute fluid
65
What is a counter current?
*blood goes down at one temperature and then it comes back up at a warmer/same temperature
66
Where is the counter current exchanger?
*in efferent tube (water will want to flow into this capillary, albumin and proteins are present here (osmotic force, hydrostatic pressure as well))
67
In the counter current multiplier if the number in the DCT is lower than 100 what would that indicate?
*the pumps are getting all the salt
68
What hormone affects the DCT, and what effect does it have?
*aldosterone (released by kidney, and turns up the salt pumps, secretion of waste products)
69
What does it mean that we can control the pH of the kidney?
*secretion of waste products (H+ means that we can control pH with kidney)
70
What are Na pumps effected by and what is its effect?
* estrogen
| * makes you retain even more water
71
What is the collecting duct effected by and what is the response?
* ADH (posterior pituitary, driven by hypothalamus, targets collecting tubule)
* creates a permeable membrane
72
What is the collecting duct the last change for?
*water reabsorption
73
On a cold day, what happens to the vessels?
*vasocontrict= faster flow (have to pee more)
74
When you drink a gallon of fluid what happens?
*increase the pressure, fluid moves faster (can’t pump out all salt, or retain all the good stuff, makes you produce more urine)
75
What is the glomerulous?
* involved in autoregulation
| * monitors the osmolality of DCT
76
If the pressure is too low what will happen?
*these will close and hard to get back open
77
What is in the DCT?
*cuboidal epithelium, macula densa (osmoreceptors- looking for 100mmHg, release chemical that adjust the diameter of afferent arteriole (local control))
78
What is renal autoregulation of blood pressure?
*filtration pressure
79
The distal tubule and collecting duct regulate what?
*pH
80
The 10mm is what type of pressure?
*hydrostatic
81
What are the good stuff we want to get back in the PCT?
* glucose
* vitamins
* amino acids
82
What is the loop responsible for?
*counter current multiplier
83
What is the vasa recta responsible for?
*counter current exchange
84
What kind of muscle is surrounding the afferent and efferent tubule?
*smooth muscle (only responds to sympathetic stimulation)
85
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of?
* macula densa
| * juxtaglomerular cells
86
What kind of receptors are in the distal tube?
*osmoreceptors expect to see about 100 momos
87
What do the macula densa release?
*paracrine chemical
88
What does paracrine chemical do?
* local control
| * get vasoconstriction
89
What do juxtaglomerular cells release?
*chemical renin (enzyme)
90
What are the juxtaglomerular cells?
* smooth muscle cells
* stretch receptors
* endocrine cells
91
What is the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control?
*renal autoregulation
92
What are the two methods of autoregulation?
*myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
93
What does myogenic mean?
*you will have a response in smooth muscle
94
What does renal autoregulation enable you to maintain?
*a relatively stable GFR in spite of changes in systemic arterial blood pressure
95
If high blood pressure the 100mOmos in the macula densa would be higher then what does that mean?
*things are moving very fast
96
What are the two kinds of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
* macula densa
| * juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
97
What senses variations in flow or fluid composition and secretes a paracrine that stimulates JG cells?
*macula densa
98
What enlarged smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole directly across from macula densa?
*JG cells
99
When stimulated by the macula the JG cells do what?
*constrict the arterioles
100
What does the liver create?
*angiotensinogen
101
What is angiotensinogen?
*protein dissolved in blood
102
During low blood pressure what do the JG cells release?
*renin
103
What is angiotensin I?
*active protein that is a vasoconstrictor
104
IN the lining of the lung there is what?
*ACE (angiotensin I to lung --> done by ACE to angiotensin II
105
What is angiotensin II?
* most potent vasoconstrictor your body can make
| * lowers BP
106
What does angiotensin II effect?
*hypothalamus which releases ADH and that makes you collect more water
107
At the adrenal cortex what gets released?
*aldosterone
108
What does aldosterone do?
*on DCT it retains salt, attract more water (estrogen does the same thing), also causes selective vasocontraction on efferent tube
109
Where is CAH found?
*RBC, cerebrospinal fluid, and PCT and DCT
110
What do you save if you need to be more alkaline?
*bicarb
111
What is the ureter surrounded by?
*smooth muscle (involves parastolysis)
112
What is the lumen surrounded by?
*transitional epithelium (stretches)
113
What is the detrusor muscle?
*smooth (under autonomic, parasympathetic opens sphincter)
114
What type of muscle is the internal sphincter?
*smooth muscle
115
What type of muscle is the external sphincter?
*skeletal muscle
116
How much liquid can the bladder hold?
*half a liter
117
WHat kind of control do we have over the external sphincter?
*somatic control
118
The JG cells constrict what?
*afferent arteriole
119
The osmolarity of the distal convoluted tubule filtrate is 220 mOsmols. This condition indicates _________ glomerular filtration rate, which will be adjusted by ________.
*An increased; constriction of the afferent arteriole
120
What are the five stages of digestion?
*ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation
121
In order to digest a carb it has to get down into what form?
*monomer
122
What are the two forms of mechanical digestion?
* chewing and mixing of food (segmentation and peristalsis)
| * chemical digestion
123
What does chemical digestion use?
*HCl
124
What is segmentation done by?
*circular muscle (mixes)
125
What is peristalsis?
* moving food down the tube (in a direction)
| * mechanical mixing (ability to move something, parasympathetic keeps things moving)
126
What type of tissue is in mucosa layer?
*stratified squamous, nonketeranized, mucous membrane (keep wet with goblet cells)
127
What does the submucosa do?
*bring in blood supply, lymphatics and blood vessels
128
What kind of tissue is in the muscular layer?
*circular layer, longitudinal layer (both are smooth)
129
What is in the serosa layer?
*visceral and parietal peritoneum
130
What does the mouth have the ability to begin?
*mechanical and chemical digestion
131
What is the easiest thing to digest?
*carbohydrates
132
What does the salivary gland have?
*serous and mucous cells
133
What does mucous cells secrete?
*thick mucous
134
What do serous cells secrete?
*amalyse
135
What does amalyse do?
*carb breakdown
136
What kind of tissue is in the esophagus?
*stratified squamous, non keratinized
137
Once you reach the esophagus food becomes what?
*bolus
138
What are the stomach functions?
* store bolus (1-2 hours)
* mechanical digestion (3 layers)
* chemical (gastric juice, HCl)
* production of intrinsic factor (for vitamin b absorption)
139
What do the mucous cells secrete?
*alkaline (protect lining against HCl)
140
What do gastro endocrine cell/ enteroendocrine cell (G cells) secrete?
*secrete gastrin and histamine (from mast cells), these increase more secretion and increase parasympathetic stimulation (increase gastric secretion)
141
What do the parietal cells have?
*good blood supply, has carbonic anhydrase (CAH) which has the ability to pump H+ ion into lumen in stomach (Cl shift) and puts the bicarb back in the blood (have alkaline blood supply which is taken to liver, called alkaline tide)
142
What is the alkaline tide?
*right after you eat the blood coming is rich in bicarb
143
What do chief cells create?
*creates on demand pepsinogen (non-active protein, but in the present of HCl you get pepsin)
144
What does pepsin do?
*actively breaks down your proteins (acts to break protein)
145
increase alkalinity =
*increases secretions and motility
146
Stretch receptors increase what?
*secretion
147
What are the 3 phases of digestion?
*cephalic, gastric, intestinal
148
What is the cephalic phase?
*(refers to brain, short term phase, start of digestion, sight, sound, smell, start secretions start mobility through parasympathetic stimulation),
149
What is the gastric phase?
*(dominated by stretch receptors, afferent upon filling to increase secretion (gastric juice) and motility, tells your hypothalamus you are full)
150
What is the intestinal phase?
* absorption
* brings in G cells, small amount of chyme (very acidic) into the small intestine, G-cells in small intestine secretes cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin
151
What does CCK and secretin do?
*shut off the first two phases and propel everything into the small intestine (initiate the absorption phase, start absorption by starting secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder)
152
What does the liver do?
* detoxify food
* deamination (NH2 group being removed) and transamination
* glucose metabolism
* vitamin storage
* bile
153
What are the parts of the small intestine?
*duodenum (secretions occur), jejunum (absorption), ileum (feces)
154
What does the duodenum have?
*glands called Brunner's glands (secrete a heavily alkaline mucus)
155
What are the components to bile?
*pigments, electrolytes, cholesterol, bile salts
156
WHat are bile salts?
*emulsifiers, help increase SA, break down into triglyceride which can be absorbed
157
What does the gall bladder store?
*a concentrate bile
158
What does the pancreas have?
* one enzyme for lipids, proteins, and carbs (3 enzymes: lipase for fat, amylase for carbs, protease for amino acids)
159
How does glucose get into cells and into the blood?
*facilitated diffusion
160
HOw do amino acids get in the cell and blood?
*active transport
161
How does water get into the blood and cell?
*osmosis and pinocytosis
162
How do we absorb fats?
*triglyceride (get in as simple diffusion), it is coated with a protein (chylomicron, protein shell), then goes to golgi where the chylomicrons are put in a vesicle, then vesicle is taken to membrane and the chylomicrons are emptied into environment (exocytosis)
163
WHere do fats go?
*go to lymph node (to decide if it is toxic or not), everything else goes to liver
164
What are the functions of the large intestine?
* Reabsorb H2O
* Compact material
* Absorb vitamins liberated by digestion
* Storage of fecal material
165
What sphincter do you have control over?
*external
