Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Efferent neurons
A
Takes information from the CNS
2
Q
Afferent neurons
A
Takes information to the CNS
3
Q
Spinal nerves
A
On each side of the vertebrae; “mixed” nerves of sensory and motor neurons
4
Q
Cauda equina
A
Where the spinal cord goes from being compact to fraying off
5
Q
Nerve
A
Bundle of neurons
6
Q
Ganglion
A
Bundle of cell bodies outside the CNS
7
Q
Dorsal root ganglion
A
The cell bodies of sensory neurons outside the CNS
8
Q
Dorsal root
A
The axons of the sensory (afferent) neurons
9
Q
Ventral root
A
Axons of motor (efferent) neurons
10
Q
White matter
A
The region outside the spine; consists of the axons
11
Q
Why is white matter white
A
Because it is myelinated
12
Q
How are axons in white matter organized
A
- Short tract
2. Long tract
13
Q
Short tract
A
Axons that connect parts of the spine
14
Q
Long tract
A
Axons that connect the spine to the brain
15
Q
Types of long tracts
A
- Ascending
2. Descending
16
Q
Ascending long tracts
A
Carry information to the brain from the spine (sensory)
17
Q
Descending long tracts
A
Carry information from the spine to the brain (motor)
18
Q
Gray matter
A
The inside region of the spine; the cell bodies; the nissl bodies (ER) make it gray; this is the integration center; very organized/each section does something different
19
Q
How do the cell bodies in gray matter accumulate
A
Based on function; organize into nuclei
20
Q
Nucleus
A
Cell bodies organize themselves into different nuclei based on their function
21
Q
Where is the amount of gray matter the greatest
A
- Cervical enlargement
2. Lumbar enlargement
22
Q
Cervical enlargement
A
Area in the cervical area where there is more gray matter; controls movement of shoulder and upper limbs
23
Q
Lumbar enlargement
A
Area in lumbar area where there is more gray matter; controls movement of lower limbs
24
Q
Meninges
A
Protects the spine from the vertebrae in case of injury; the “air bags”
25
Dura mater
Meninge; The outermost membrane; "tough mother"
26
Epidural space
Space between dura mater and vertebrae that is filled with adipose tissue
27
Arachnoid mater
Meninge; The middle membrane
28
Pia mater
Meninge; The deepest membrane; wraps directly around the spine
29
Subarachnoid space
Space between arachnoid mater and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
30
Main function of the brain stem
Controls unconscious thought; visceral function/autonomic function
31
Medulla oblongata
Directly connected to the spinal cord; all sensory information goes through the medulla before going to the brain
32
How is the medulla oblongata separated
It is separated into different nuclei
33
Nuclei of the medulla
1. Cardiovascular centers
2. Respiratory rhythimicity centers
3. Solitary nucleus
34
Cardiovascular centers
Controls heart function; autonomic
35
Parts in the cardiovascular centers
1. Cardioacceleratory center
| 2. Cardioinhibitory center
36
Cardioacceleratory center
Enhances heart function; uses sympathetic neurons (fight or flight)
37
Cardioinhibitory center
Inhibits heart function; uses parasynthetic neurons (rest and digest)
38
How does the cardiovascular center know which center to use
1. Baroreceptors
| 2. Chemoreceptors
39
Baroreceptors
Measure blood pressure and sends that information to the CNS
40
Chemoreceptors
Monitors the chemical content of blood
41
What chemicals in blood do chemoreceptors monitor
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
42
What does the medulla decide to do if chemoreceptors detect that carbon deoxide levels are too high
It uses sympathetic neurons to pump blood faster to get carbon dioxide out of the blood faster
43
Respiratory rhythmicity center
Controls respiration rate; stimulates muscles that make us inhale and relaxes them to exhale
44
Why are the respiratory rhythmicity center and cardiovascular centers right next to each other
Because they work together
45
What cant the respiratory rhythmicity center do
Decide when to inhale/exhale
46
What tells the respiratory rhythmicity center when to inhale/exhale
The pons
47
Solitary nucleus
Is a relay station; takes in sensory information from different places and makes sure that that information gets sent to the right centers; takes in information from visceral functions then sends it to the correct nuclei centers
48
Decussation
Means "crossing over"; where motor commands from one side of the brain cross over and go to the opposite side of the body (contralaterally
49
Pons
Controls muscle movements of the face
50
Respiratory center (of the pons)
A nuclei in pons
51
Parts in the respiratory center of the pons
1. Apneustic center
| 2. Pneumotaxic center
52
Apneustic center
Responsible for causing respiratory muscles to contract/inhale
53
What does the apneustic center not know how to do
When to relax respiratory muscles in order to exhale
54
Pneumotaxic center
Silences the apneustic center in order to exhale/relax
55
What controls the respiratory centers in the medulla
The respiratory centers in the pons
56
Midbrain
Mesencephalon; the most conserved region, meaning most species have this
57
Corpora quadrigemina
Collection of 4 nuclei in the midbrain that control reflexes of the head and neck in response to stimuli
58
Superior colliculus
The top pair of corpora quadrigemina; controls reflex movements in response to visual stimuli
59
Inferior colliculus
The bottom pair of corpora quadrigemina; controls reflex movements in response to auditory stimuli
60
What is the natural purpose of the mesencephalon?
So that our reflexes protect us from predators
61
Red nucleus
Has a large blood supply; gives unconscious control of skeletal muscle; gives us resting muscle tone; sends out more commands then we need
62
Resting muscle tone
Even at rest, there is some tension generated in certain skeletal muscle; mainly for posture
63
Substantia nigra
Inhibits parts of the red nucleus from contracting the extra muscles that we don’t need to be contracted
64
Dopaminergic neurons
Neurons that extend from the substantia nigra to the red nucleus; secretes dopamine onto the red nucleus to inhibit it
65
Two types of receptors that bind to dopamine
1. D-1 like receptors
| 2. D-2 like receptors
66
What kind of receptors does the red nucleus have?
D-2 like receptors
67
Parkinson's
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra die so the red nucleus makes random muscle contractions
68
L-Dopa
Gets converted dopamine; used to treat Parkinson's instead of Dopamine because of the blood-brain barrier
69
2 regions that the substantia nigra blocks
1. Red nucleus
| 2. Cerebellum
70
Vermus
Tissue that runs down the middle of the cerebellum
71
The two lobes of the cerebellum
1. Anterior
| 2. Posterior
72
What is in the cerebellum
Grey and white matter
73
Cerebellar cortex
The outer part; the grey matter
74
Purkinje cells
Neurons cells only found in the cerebellum; has a large system of dendrites
75
What is the difference between regular neurons and purkinje cells
Purkinje cells have a more extensive/larger system of dendrites
76
What kind of information do the purkinje cells take in
Information about proprioception
77
Proprioception
Knowing where you are in time and space
78
Proprioceptors
Send information to the cerebellum about where you are in time and space
79
What is the main function of the cerebellum
Controlling fine tuned movements that are learned
80
Peduncles of the cerebellum
1. Superior cerebellar peduncle
2. Middle cerebellar peduncle
3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
81
What is the function of the cerebellum peduncles
Carries motor commands out of the cerebellum
82
What does ethanol/alcohol do
It shuts down the cerebellum which inhibits fine motor proprioception movements
83
Ataxia
Loss of proprioception function
84
Parts of the diecephalon
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
85
Epithalamus
Top of diecephalon
86
Pineal gland
Within the epithalamus; secretes melatonin
87
Melatonin
Helps you go to sleep
88
Tryptophan
An amino acid that gets converted into sarotonin then the pineal gland turns it into melatonin
89
Thalamus
Middle of diecephalon; A relay station, meaning sensory information goes here and is then sent to the right place; also filters out the unimportant sensory information besides smell
90
Why isnt smell filtered by the thalamus
The neurons for smell dont run through the thalamus
91
Hypothalamus
Lowest on diecephalon; links the neural system and the endocrine system
92
Where is the pituitary gland located
In the sella turcica
93
What is the function of the pituitary gland
It secretes a lot of important hormones
94
What tells the pituitary gland when to or not to secrete hormones
Hypothalamus
95
Neuroendocrine
The hypothalamus is neuroendocrine; there are neurons that secrete molecules/hormones into the blood instead of into a synapse
96
Hormones that the hypothalamus releases
1. Releasing hormones
| 2. Inhibiting hormones
97
Release hormones
Causes the pituitary gland to release hormones
98
Inhibiting hormones
Causes the pituitary gland to stop releasing hormones
99
Supraoptic nucleus
A nuclei of the hypothalamus; makes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
100
Anti-diuretic hormone
Helps you retain water
101
How does alcohol effect the supraoptic nucleus
It blocks the supraoptic nucleus from making ADH
102
Paraventricular nucleus
A nuclei of the hypothalamus; Makes oxytocin
103
Oxytocin
Important for bonding and induces smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during labor and delivery and of milk ducts during nursing
104
Pitocin
Man made oxytocin
105
What type of feedback loop is oxytocin
Positive feedback loop
106
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
A nuclei of the hypothalamus; controls the function of the pineal gland; controls when it secretes melatonin
107
What causes more secretion of melatonin
Light; visual sensory information
108
Preoptic area
A nuclei of the hypothalamus; controls body temperature by controlling blood flow
109
What does the preoptic area do if body temperature is too high
It dilates blood vessels that are superficial and near the skin and constricts blood vessels near the torso
110
What does the preoptic area do if body temperature is too low
It constricts blood vessels near the skin and dilates blood vessels near the torso
111
Cerebrum
Home to conscious thought; the main part of the brain
112
What surrounds the cerebrum
Pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater
113
Dural Sinus
Instead of an epidural space like the spine, the cerebrum has this; circulates blood and CSF
114
Faix cerebrii
Extension of the dura mater that sits between the two hemispheres
115
Faix cerebelli
Extension of the dura mater that sits between the hemispheres of the cerebellum
116
What is the reason for the folds of the brain
To create more surface area
117
Gyrus
One tube of the cerebrum
118
Sulcus
The gaps between the gyri
119
The lobes of the cerebrum are the same as
The bones that cover them
120
Instead of sutures, what are the lobes separates by?
Important sulci
121
Central sulcus
Between frontal and parietal lobes
122
Lateral sulcus
Between frontal and temporal lobes
123
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Between parietal and occipital
124
Cerebrum cortex
Where grey matter is; superficial
125
Where is white matter in the cerebrum
Deep
126
Classes of white matter
1. Association fibers
2. Commissural fibers
3. Projection fibers
127
Association fibers
Axons that carry information to parts of the same hemisphere
128
Types of association fibers
1. Arcuate fibers
| 2. Longitudinal fibers
129
Arcuate fibers
Allow communication between two gyrite that are right next to each other
130
Longitudinal fibers
Axons that allow communication between two distant parts of the same hemisphere
131
Commissural fibers
Axons that allow communication between the two hemispheres
132
Locations of commissural fibers
1. Anterior commissure
| 2. Corpus callosum
133
Projection fibers
Axons that allow communication between the cerebrum and the rest of the body (spine, brain stem)
134
What do all projection fibers run through
The thalamus (and medulla oblongata)
135
How is grey matter organized in the cerebrum
In nuclei that are in strips that run across the cerebrum over the left and right hemispheres
136
Primary sensory cortex
Nuclei of the cerebrum; "postcentral gyrus"; Receives all somatic sensory information; does not interpret that information
137
Homunculus
"Map" of the parts of a nuclei and what they effect/control
138
Association areas
Interpret the information; where we store memories about sensations
139
What do all cortex have?
An association area
140
Auditory cortex
Receives sensory information about sound
141
Auditory association area
Interprets the auditory information
142
Primary motor cortex
"Precentral gyrus"; All of your conscious muscle movement stems from here; Recieves all motor sensory information; does not interpret it
143
What would happen if a stroke effected the visual cortex
They wouldn't be able to read
144
Somatic motor association area
"Premotor cortex"; stores memories about muscle movements; Interprets the information about motor movements; controls the primary motor cortex; these are learned movements
