Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical position
A
Point of reference; universally accepted standard position
- Arms by side, palms forward, feet slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward
2
Q
The thumbs are ____ to the pinky finger
A
Lateral
3
Q
Superior
A
Closer to head
4
Q
Inferior
A
Closer to feet
5
Q
Example of superior/inferior
A
Ribs are superior to the pelvis
6
Q
Anterior
A
Front of the body; portion of the body that leads when walking
7
Q
Posterior
A
Back of the body; Portion of the body that trails when walking
8
Q
Ventral
A
Bellyside
9
Q
Dorsal
A
Backside
10
Q
In humans, what is equal to anterior
A
Ventral
11
Q
In humans, what is equal to posterior
A
Dorsal
12
Q
In 4 legged animals, what is equal to anterior
A
Superior
13
Q
In 4 legged animals, what is equal to posterior
A
Inferior
14
Q
Cranial
A
Closer to skull
15
Q
Caudal
A
Further away from skull
16
Q
Medial
A
Closer to midline
17
Q
Lateral
A
Further from midline
18
Q
Example of medial/laterl
A
Sternum is medial to arms
19
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to point of attachment
20
Q
Distal
A
Further from point of attachment
21
Q
When is proximal and distal used
A
For limbs
22
Q
Superficial
A
On the outside of the body
23
Q
Deep
A
Closer to the inside
24
Q
Examples of superficial/deep
A
Epidermis (skin) is the most superficial part of the body
Organs are deep to the skin
25
Plane
An imaginary line that runs throughout the body
26
3 Planes
1. Frontal
2. Sagittal
3. Transverse
27
Frontal plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior parts
28
Sagittal plane
Divides body into a right and left part
29
Transverse plane
Divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
30
Midsagittal
Line that goes directly in middle and makes a perfect right and left (equal)
31
Section
Cut through an imaginary plane
32
Viscera
Organs
33
Serous membranes
Surrounds body cavities
34
Functions of serous membrane
1. Holds organs in place
| 2. Reduces friction so that organs move smoothly against each other
35
Parietal membrane
Lines the inside of the cavity
36
Visceral membrane
Lines the organ
37
Body cavities
1. Dorsal cavity
| 2. Ventral cavity
38
Dorsal cavities
1. Cranial cavity: Holds the brain
| 2. Spinal cavity: Holds the spine
39
Ventral cavities
1. Thoracic cavity
| 2. Abdominopelvic cavity
40
Peri means
Around
41
Thoracic cavities
1. Pericardial cavities: Holds the heart
| 2. Pleural cavities: Holds the lungs
42
What do the pleural cavities look like
There are two pleural cavities, a right and left cavity, one for each lung
43
Why are the lungs in separate compartments?
For protection, one can collapse and the other will still be healthy and functioning (same with testes)
44
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
The diaphragm
45
Abdominopelvic is separated into:
1. Abdominal
| 2. Pelvic: Includes reproductive system
46
Tissue
Collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited function
47
Type of tissues
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Neural tissue
48
Functions of epithelial tissue
1. Provides physical protection
2. Controls permeability
- It only lets specific things in and out
- Ex. Skin lets out sweat and oil, keeps out viruses
3. Provides sensation
- Sensory neurons allow us to feel
4. Produce specialized secretions (glandulas epithelium)
49
Characteristics of epithelial cells
1. Cellularity (cell junctions)
- The cells sit really close to each other, which is a defining quality about epithelial tissue
2. Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
3. Attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina)
4. Avascularity
5. Regeneration
50
Polarity
Comparing one side of a cell to the other (top and bottom)
51
Basement tissue
Provides the cell with something to attach to
52
Basolateral side
The side of an epithelial cell that is attached to the basement tissue
53
Apical side
The side of the epithelial cell that is not attached to the basement tissue, this side is always exposed to an open area
54
Avascularity
Without vasculature/has no blood supply or blood vessels
55
How do epithelial cells get their nutrients?
From the connective tissue
56
Why do we need epithelial cells to regenerate?
So that wounds can heal
57
Stem cells
All epithelial cells have these pods of cells that help regenerate epithelial cells
58
What do proteins do for cells
Proteins attach two cells together
59
Types of proteins that hold epithelial cells together
1. Tight junctions
2. Gap junctions
3. Hemidesmosomes
60
Tight junctions
Holds two cell membranes together that are adjacent, or right next, to each other. Nothing can pass through the plasma membrane of the cells
61
Gap junction
Leave gaps between the two cells and allows cells next to each other to communicate and pass things back and forth
62
Hemidesmosomes
The attachment to the deeper connective tissue, this keeps skin from just ripping off
63
Classifications of Epithelial Cells
1. Squamous: Flat, flat nucleus
2. Cuboidal: Cube-like, round nucleus
3. Columnar: Column-like, stretched nucleus
64
Simple
One layer
65
Stratified
More than one layer
66
All cells on the basal lateral side look like
Stratified cuboidal
67
What do you look at to tell what type of epithelial cell it is
The cells on the apical side and the nucleus
68
Simple Squamous Epithelium location
Kidney tubules, lungs (for fast and easy gas exchange)
69
Simple Squamous Epithelium function
Reduces friction
70
What does Simple Squamous Epithelium look like
Cobblestone
71
Why is simple squamous used in capillaries
Because capillaries need fast transport, so simple squamous epithelium is used for easier diffusion because they are thin and flat
72
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
| location
Skin, lining of mouth, throat, anus, and vagina
73
Stratified Squamous Epithelium function
Protection against abrasion and pathogens
74
What determines the thickness of the stratified squamous epithelium
How much protection is needed or how much stress is put on that area
75
Keratin
Protein that can be made by epithelial tissue to give it extra strength. This is made in response to how much stress is on that area and can be used to waterproof, making things not get absorbed as much
76
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium location
Glands, ducts, kidney tubules, thyroid gland
77
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium function
Not much protection, but good for secretion and absorption
78
Secretion
Cell is making something and pushing it outside
79
Absorption
Cell needs something outside, so it pulls it in
80
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium location
Lining of ducts (salivary and sweat glands), rare
81
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium function
Protection, secretion, absorption
| - Usually only 2-3 layers
82
Simple Columnar Epithelium location
Lining of stomach, intestine, and collecting ducts of the kidney
83
Simple Columnar Epithelium function
Really good protection, secretion, and absorption
84
How to tell if its simple columnar
If the nuclei are in a straight line and on the same level
85
Goblet cell
Mucus producing cells
86
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
| location
Ducts; mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra and anus
87
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
| function
Protection, but not as good as simple columnar
88
Lumen
The area inside the tube like structure of glands, when cut horizontally, looks like a ring, when cut laterally, looks like two separated cells
89
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium location
Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, male and female reproductive systems
90
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium function
Protection, secretion, moves mucus with cilia
91
What is the difference between pseudostratified ciliated columnar and stratified columnar?
Every single cell is attached to the basement membrane in pseudostratified ciliated, but their nuclei are positioned in different places
92
Cilia are there to
Move things like eggs and sperm
93
Goblet cells help the cilia
Move mucus
94
Transitional Epithelium location
Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters
95
Transitional Epithelium function
Permits expansion and recoil after stretching
96
How is transitional epithelium different from the rest?
It can expand
97
Two forms of transitional epithelium
1. Full bladder: Looks like stratified squamous; stretched
| 2. Empty bladder: Has "umbrella cells" that are expanded; relaxed
98
Connective tissue
Connects epithelial tissue to everything else
99
Characteristics of Connective tissue
1. Specialized cells (doesn't make up much of the tissue)
2. Solid extracellular protein fibers
3. Fluid extracellular ground substance
100
Matrix
Everything beside the cells; majority of tissue volume; determines specialized function
101
Matrix is made up of
1. Proteins
| 2. Ground substance (liquid component)
102
Types of proteins in connective tissues
1. Collagen
2. Elastic fiber
3. Reticular fiber
103
Collagen
Gives strength, almost always stains with a pink color; long strands
104
Elastic fiber
Has the ability to stretch; makes the tissue more flexible; long thin strands; stain dark purple or black
105
Reticular fiber
Stains dark purple or black; has web-like networks; provides strength and support
106
All tissues have all of these fibers/proteins but...
In different amounts
107
Classification of connective tissues
1. Connective tissue proper
- Connect and protect
2. Fluid connective tissue
- Transport
3. Supporting connective tissue
- Structural strength
108
What cell types are found in connective tissue proper?
1. Fibroblasts
2. Fibrocytes
3. Adipocytes
4. Mesenchymal cells
5. Macrophages
6. Mast cells
7. Lymphocytes
8. Microphages
9. Melanocytes
109
Types of connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue proper
| 2. Dense connective tissue proper
110
Types of loose connective tissue proper
1. Areolar connective tissue
2. Adipose connective tissue
3. Reticular connective tissue
111
Areolar connective tissue function
It distorts without damaging
112
Areolar connective tissue location
Basement membrane
113
Areolar connective tissue characteristics
1. Flexible, strong, not many cells
2. The basement membrane and the dermis is areolar tissue
3. Has collagen that goes in all directions (planes) so it can take stress from all directions
4. Has a lot of matrix and open space, looks disorganized
114
Adipose connective tissue (fat) function
Retains body heat, stores energy, and provides protection (cushions), stores triglycerides
115
Adipose connective tissue location
Buttocks, breasts, around kidneys and eyes
116
Adipose connective tissue characteristics
1. Circular-regions with nuclei
| 2. Adipocytes
117
Adipocyte
The big cells in adipose
118
Reticular connective tissue function
Provides support and framework
119
Reticular connective tissue location
Bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
120
Reticular connective tissue characteristics
- 1. Predominant protein is the reticular proteins/fiber
2. Has a lot of nuclei
3. Branching and web-like
4. Dark stained fibers
121
Types of dense connective tissue proper
1. Dense regular connective tissue
2. Dense irregular connective tissue
3. Dense elastic connective tissue
122
Dense regular connective tissue function
Strength in one plane
123
Dense regular connective tissue location
Tendons and ligaments
124
Dense regular connective tissue characteristics
1. Pink, which means there's a lot of collagen
2. Collagen is organized in the same plane
3. Has many fibroblasts: Found in collagen, long and wavy nuclei
125
Dense irregular connective tissue function
Strength in different planes
126
Dense irregular connective tissue location
Capsules of organs and dermis
127
Dense irregular connective tissue characteristics
1. Collagen is organized in different planes
2. Capsule: Made by dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds our organs
3. Preferred to make capsules because it can stretch in all directions
128
Dense elastic connective tissue function
Stretches and recoils to cushion shocks
129
Dense elastic connective tissue location
The walls of arteries, between vertebrae of the spinal column
130
Dense elastic connective tissue characteristics
1. Black stain because has elastic proteins
2. Stretches in one plane
3. Just like dense regular, but with elastic proteins instead of collagen
4. Recoils after being stretched
5. Wavy when it isn't stretched
131
Fluid connective tissues
Blood
132
Blood has
Lots of erythrocytes
133
Erythrocytes
Small pink cells, carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide; makes up almost all of the cells in blood; doesn't have a nuclei
134
All of the other cells in blood are
Immune cells that are purple because they have a nucleus
135
What does blood not have a lot of
White blood cells
136
Supporting Connective Tissue
1. Cartilage
| 2. Bone (osseous tissue)
137
Types of cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage
138
Hyaline cartilage function
Reduces friction
139
Hyaline cartilage location
In between bones, in joints
140
Hyaline cartilage characteristics
1. Most common
2. Matrix is made of collagen
3. Has an even pink color; not in strands
141
Chondrocytes
Found in cartilage tissue; makes a ton of cartilage and gets trapped in a lacuna, then they divide in the lacuna and pack themselves in
142
Elastic cartilage function
Flexibility without damage
143
Elastic cartilage location
External ear and auditory canal
144
Elastic cartilage characteristics
1. Matrix is made of elastic fibers
| 2. Matrix is dark purple or black
145
Fibrocartilage function
Good at resisting compression
146
Fibrocartilage location
Vertebral column between each vertebrae, pads within knee joints
147
Fibrocartilage characteristics
1. Matrix is made of collagen that is bundled up, which adds strength
148
Osseus Tissue (Bone)
Has a circular structure
149
Osteon
The whole circular structure
150
Central canal
Provides blood vessels that provides nutrients
151
Osteocytes
Cells that make bone and live in lacuna, but there is never more than one
152
Muscle tissue does what
Contracts in order to generate force
153
Muscle types
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Smooth muscle
3. Cardiac muscle
154
Skeletal muscle location
Attached to skeleton
155
Skeletal muscle function
Moves the skeleton
156
Summary of skeletal muscle
Voluntary, striated muscle
157
Muscle fiber
One long tube-like muscle cell that has long cylindrical nuclei on the plasma membrane
158
Striations/Striated
Long lines in one plane up and down
159
Muscle cells can/cannot divide
Cannot divide
160
Stem cells in muscle
Pool of cells that divide in the muscle cells and repair damage
161
Smooth muscle location
Lines hollow organs and tubes (Ex. Esophagus, digestive tract)
162
Smooth muscle function
Contract in order to generate force
163
Summary of smooth muscle
Involuntary, not striated muscle
164
Smooth muscle can/cannot divide
Can divide
165
The pink in smooth muscle is not
Collagen
166
Difference between smooth muscle and dense irregular
There are a lot more nuclei in smooth muscle
167
Cardiac muscle location
Heart
168
Cardiac muscle function
Contracts to generate force that moves blood
169
Summary of cardiac muscle
Involuntary, striated (just like skeletal)
170
Difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle
Cardiac is branched with forks, which helps it wrap around the heart, and has intercalated discs
171
Intercalated discs
Dark bands across the fiber; this is where two muscle cells come together; these discs are bundles of gap junctions
172
What do the gap junctions in the intercalated discs do?
They allow the fibers to communicate so that they will contract at the same time
173
Neural Tissue function
Communication
174
How do neural tissues communicate?
Electrical signals/chargers that travel from cell to cell
175
Cells in neural tissue
1. Neurons
| 2. Neuroglio
176
Neurons
Cells in neural tissue
177
Dendrites
Senses the environment, if they receive a stimulus that is strong enough then it sends a signal through the axon
178
Axon
The electrical signal is sent through this
179
Neuroglia function
Supports and makes sure that everything is perfect for neurons
180
Neurons is one of the...
Longest cells in our body
