Exam 4

Question 1

In terms of ecological roles, which of the following groups include primary producers in ecosystems

a. land plants
b. fungi
c. protists
d. A and C are correct
e. all of the above are correct

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to ______.

a. comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal
b. reduce dehydration
c. make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily
d. repel toxic chemicals
e. provide nutrients to spores

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?
a. the trend toward smaller size
b. the trend toward larger gametophytes
c, the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle
d. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all ________.

a. female reproductive parts
b. capable of photosynthesis
c. found on flowers
d. modified leaves

Answer 4

D

Question 5

Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plant?

a. early angiosperms
b. early bryophytes
c. early gymnosperms
d. early ferns

Answer 5

B

Question 6

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to readily see a ______.

a. sporophyte of a liverwort
b. gametophyte of a fern
c. zygote of a green alga
d. gametophyte of a moss

Answer 6

D

Question 7

Where are you least likely to see green algae?

a. growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals
b. growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes
c. growing independently on dry rock in meadows
d. as pink snow in the mountains in summer
e. floating in seas and oceans

Answer 7

C

Question 8

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _______.

a. looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees.
b. been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria
c. had non vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
d. been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today’s coal

Answer 8

C

Question 9

Stomata _____.

a. occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group
b. open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
c. occur in all land plants and are the same as pores
d. open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange

Answer 9

B

Question 10

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?

a. they were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil.
b. the ancestors of land plants lack the structural support to stand erect in air
c. land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants
d. there was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat

Answer 10

A

Question 11

Over evolutionary time, there has been a trend for land plants to shift from:

a. homospory to heterospory
b. heterospory to homospory
c. megaspores to microspores
d. microspores to megaspores

Answer 11

A

Question 12

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _______.

a. increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis
b. increased surface area, increasing gas exchange
c. decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange
d. decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Answer 12

D

Question 13

In our Case Study of columbines coevolution was presented as a potential driver of diversity in angiosperms, due to….

a. mutualistic interactions between columbines and pollinators
b. mutualistic interactions between colombines and fungi
c. parasitic interactions between columbines and fungi
d. parasitic interactions between columbines and protists

Answer 13

A

Question 14

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants ______.

a. allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
b. protects the zygote from herbivores
c. evolved concurrently with pollen
d. helps in dispersal of the zygote

Answer 14

A

Question 15

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

a. they require water for reproduction
b. they are all wind pollinated
c. they are hetersporous
d. they can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae

Answer 15

A

Question 16

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed producing plants are most similar to a _____.

a. moss sporophyte
b. fern sporophyte
c. hermaphroditic fern gametophyte
d. fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
e. moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia

Answer 16

D

Question 17

Which of the following is the arrow pointing to?

a. carpel
b. stamen
c. petal
d. sepal
e. ovary

Answer 17

A

Question 18

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed producing plants?

a. lignin present in cell walls
b. sporopollenin
c. megaphylls
d. pollen

Answer 18

D

Question 19

In the process of alternation of generations, the _______.

a. spores unite to form a zygote
b. sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes
c. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
d. gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes
e. gametophyte is haploid and produces spores.

Answer 19

C

Question 20

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a temporate forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, she notes the following characteristics: xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominate, and seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ______.

a. bryophytes
b. ferns
c. gymnosperms
d. angiosperms

Answer 20

C

Question 21

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

a. plants in both groups have vascular tissue
b. plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves
c. the dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte.
d. in both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia

Answer 21

D

Question 22

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

a. flowering plants
b. prokaryotes
c. protists
d. grasses

Answer 22

B

Question 23

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _______.

a. fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes
b. sheeting is transparent so tat photosynthesis can continue
c. lichens growing on the vines’ branches are not harmed
d. fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

Answer 23

D

Question 24

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

a. mutualistic
b. commensal
c. predatory
d. parasitic

Answer 24

A

Question 25

In some lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? a. antibiotics b. carbohydrates c. water and mineral d. protection from harmful ultraviolet light

Answer 25

C

Question 26

Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying plant matter are called ________. a. yeasts b. lichens c. saprophytes d. endophytes e. mycorrhizae

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and ______. a. mosses or algae b. mosses or sponges c. cyanobacteria or algae d. green algae or liverworts e. mosses or cyanobacteria

Answer 27

C

Question 28

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? a. fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide b. fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis c. fungi provide fixed carbon in the form of carbohydrates to plants for the production of plant tissues. d. fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize

Answer 28

D

Question 29

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells In plant leaves? a. ectomycorrhizae b. endosymbiosis c. endophytes d. pathogens e. lichens

Answer 29

C

Question 30

What is the major unifying characteristic of all fungi a. acquiring nutrition through absorption b. acquiring nutrition through ingestion c. decomposing dead organisms d. sedentary lifestyle e. prokaryotic cells

Answer 30

A

Question 31

Long, branching fungal filaments are called _______. a. roots b. ascus c. septa d. mycelia e. hyphae

Answer 31

E

Question 32

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? a. fungi survive better when they are associated with plants b. radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw material to the fungus for manufacturing sugars c. radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated. d. fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars

Answer 32

C

Question 33

All fungi are _____. a. symbiotic b. heterotrophic c. flagellated d. pathogenic e. decomposers

Answer 33

B

Question 34

Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants? a. fungi are able to change their body shape continuously throughout their life b. the cell walls of fungi are made of chitin c. zygomycetes have flagellated gametes d. fungi store polysaccharides as starch.

Answer 34

B

Question 35

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ______. a. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats b. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms c. the increased probability of contact between different mating types d. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

Answer 35

D

Question 36

Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin of peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability? a. this is always the first group of fungi to begin any kind of plant decomposition b. this is the only group of fungi that can use lignin for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. c. this enzyme releases heat energy from the breakdown of lignin that is used to kill off competing fungi. d. this fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose

Answer 36

D

Question 37

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasogamy, which consequently ________. a. means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures b. results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell c. allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time d. results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells e. is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic

Answer 37

D

Question 38

What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host? a. lichens b. endophytes c. ectomycorrhizal fungi d. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 38

D

Question 39

In separate fungi, what structure allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? a. multiple chitinous layers in cross walls b. pores in septa c. complex microtubular cytoskeletons d. two nuclei e. tight junctions that form in cross walls between cells

Answer 39

B

Question 40

1. from recognizable mushrooms/toadstools; AKA "club fungi"; include puffballs and shelf fungi 2. produce a resistant zygosporangium; most species saprophytic 3. has a fruiting body called an ascus that contains many structures with eight haploid spores; includes morels and penicillium; many found as ectomycorrhizae, lichens or endophytes 4. known for production of flagellated zoospores; causing severe parasitic infection and mass die offs of amphibians a. ascomycota b. basidiomycota c. chytridiomycota d. zygomycota

Answer 40

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C

Question 41

For a long time, taxonomists placed fungi and plants in the same kingdom (because they looked more like plants than animals), but now we recognize that they are very distinct lineages of organisms. Pick two characteristic(s) you can use to differentiate fungi from plants and identify specifically how the lineages differ from each other in those characteristics.

Answer 41

- Fungi store excess energy as glycogen like animals. Plants store it as starch - fungi have chitin in their cell walls. plants have cellulose

Question 42

Number the following events in linear sequence based on fossil evidence, with first (1) event happening in the most distant past, and the last occurring the most recently (4) - carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes - colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses - extensive growth of gymnosperm forests - rise and diversification of angiosperm

Answer 42

2 1 3 4

Question 43

Dessication was a major issue for plants transitioning to life as a terrestrial organism. Name two structural features that terrestrial plants have evolved that help reduce their risk of dying out

Answer 43

cuticle- waxy coating stomata- open and close to regulate gas exchange and decrease water loss by guard cells

Question 44

Dispersal capability is vital in plants and their evolution. List two features and describe their adaptive advantage relative to dispersal that has led to the success and diversification of angiosperms (at least one of your features must be unique to angiosperms)

Answer 44

pollen- all seed plants: small sperm able to be dispersed by wind (not water)= increase dispersal, decrease competition with parent plant for resources fruit- grows around seed to attract animals, which eat the fruit and dispese seeds in feces. This also decreases competition with parent plant while increasing dispersal

Question 45

``` Place the following derived characteristics where they first evolved on the tree below. cuticle pollen stomata vascular tissue ```

Answer 45

Look

Question 46

Bonus: | some plants are parasitic. what is the name for plants that are wholly dependent on their hosts?

Answer 46

holoparasitic

Question 47

Convince me you were at dave tanks guest lecture

Answer 47

- we discussed the adaptions of parasitic plants | - he forgot to introduce himself