Things to know for Exam 2 based off of Study Guides

Question 1

what is extremophile

thermophile

Answer 1

extremophile= bacteria or archaea that live in high salt, high temp, low temp, or high pressure habitats

t= bacteria that only grow at 45 to 75 degrees celcius

Question 2

What was the germ theory of disease

Answer 2

laid the foundation for modern medicine. Initially greatest impact = sanitation- efforts to prevent transmission of pathogenic bacteria

Question 3

Bioremediation

Answer 3

microbes play an important role in wastewater treatment efforts, and researchers are using bacteria and archaea to clean up sites polluted with organic solvents

Question 4

Enrichment culture

Answer 4

a technique for isolating new types of bacteria and archaea - based on establishing a specified set of growing conditions - temp, lighting, substrate, types of available food, and so on

Question 5

direct sequencing

Answer 5

a technique based on isolating and sequencing a specific gene from organisms found in a particular habitat

Question 6

Metagenomics (environmental sequencing) allowed researchers to do what for the first time

Answer 6

study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in a lab)

Question 7

Synapomorphy

Answer 7

is a shared derived trait that distinguishes major monophyletic groups

a trait found in two or more taxa that is present in most recent common ancestor but is missing in more distant ancestors
-they allow biologists to recognize monophyletic groups

Question 8

what is another name for monophyletic groups

Answer 8

clade or lineage

Question 9

Taxa/ taxon

Answer 9

one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit

Question 10

difference between ion and era

Answer 10

ion= a major division of geological time subdivided era

era= a major division of time that is a subdivision of an ion and itself is subdivided into periods

Question 11

adaptive radiation

Answer 11

when a single lineage rapidly produces many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms
- noteworthy cause causes dramatic changes to tree of life

Question 12

mass extinction vs background extinction

Answer 12

mass= refers to the rapid extinction of a large number of lineages scattered throughout the tree of life. Occurs when at least 60 % of the species present are wiped out within one million years

back= refers to the lower average rate of extinction observed when a mass extinction is not occurring
-the end Permian extinction was the mother of all extinction from a catastrophic

Question 13

ancestral trait vs derived

Answer 13

ancestral- is a characteristic that existed in an ancestor

derived- a characteristic that is a modified form of an ancestral trait found in a descendant
-these traits originate via mutation, selection and genetic drift

Question 14

difference between node and branch

Answer 14

node= a point within the tree where a branch splits into two or more branches
or independent populations

branch= represents a population through time

Question 15

endosymbiosis

Answer 15

an association between organisms of two different species in which one lives inside the cell or the cells of the other

Question 16

pseudopodia

Answer 16

a temporary bulge like extension of certain protist cells used in cell crawling and indigestion of food

Question 17

gameophyte

sporiophyte

spore

Answer 17

multicellular haploid form

multicellular diploid form

single haploid cell that divides

Question 18

difference between homology vs homoplasi

Answer 18

homology= occurs when traits are similar due to shared ancestry

homoplasi- occurs when traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry

Question 19

paraphyletic

Answer 19

a group that includes an ancestral population in some but not all of its descendants.

Question 20

According to the endosymbiosis theory what type of organism is the original ancestor of the chloroplast

Answer 20

cyannobacteria

Question 21

Why are protists considered paraphyletic

Answer 21

they represent all of the descendants of a single common ancestor

Question 22

which of the following best characterizes an adaptive radiation

Answer 22

a single lineage diversifies rapidly and descendant populations occupy many habitats and ecological roles

Question 23

monophyletic groups are derived by shared derived traits

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Gram stain

Answer 24

within bacteria having cell walls, biologists distinguish two general types of wall using a dyeing system called gram strain

Question 25

Gram positive

Answer 25

have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan

Question 26

Gram negative

Answer 26

have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall that has two components- a thin gelatinous layer containing peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer

Question 27

phototroph

Answer 27

use light energy to excite electrons. ATP is produced by photophosphorlation

Question 28

chemolithotroph

Answer 28

oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy such as ammonia or methane. ATP is produced by cellular respiration and inorganic compounds serve as the electron donor

Question 29

Chemoorgantroph

Answer 29

oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy such as sugars such as sugars. ATP may be produced by cellular respiration - with sugars serving as elctron donor

Question 30

autotroph

Answer 30

organisms that manufacture their own building block compounds (synthesizing their own compounds from a simple starting materials such as CO2 and Ch4

Question 31

Cyannobacteria

Answer 31

lineage of photosynthetic bacteria. First became numerous in the oceans 2.7 billion years ago. First organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 32

heterotroph

Answer 32

by absorbing ready to use organic compounds from their environments. Organisms that acquire building block compounds from other organisms

Question 33

Endosymbiosis Primary vs. Secondary

Answer 33

Primary: prokaryotes that are engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence within those cells Secondary: a cell engulfs a chloroplast- containing protist and retained its chloroplasts

Question 34

What is Alternation of Generation

Answer 34

life cycle involving alternation of multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte) with a diploid stage (sporophyte) Occurs in most plants and some protists.

Question 35

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Answer 35

``` Prokaryote: >single-celled >No nucleus >binary fission >circular DNA > ribosomes everywhere ``` ``` Eukaryote: >membrane bound nucleus >linear DNA >ribosomes on the outside nucleus >many chromosomes ```

Question 36

A. alveolata b. amoebozoa c. excavate d. opisthokonta e. plantae f. rhizaria g. stramenopila h. archaeplastida 36. Includes some of the most important and abundant marine producers. 37. Contains organisms with modified (minimized) mitochondria, Includes the euglenids and Giardia 38. Forams have a snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate and are part of_____. 39. Includes the red and green algae and land plants 40. Includes the amoebozoans, fungi and animals, as well as their close protist relatives 41. Includes the brown and golden algae, and diatoms 42. Includes the diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans 43. Obtained chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis, Includes the red and green algae and land plants

Answer 36

36. Aleolata 37. Excavata 38. Rhizaria 39. Plantae 40. Amboebozoa 41. Stamenopila 42. Excavata 43. Plantae

Question 37

``` A. Cyanobacteria B. Proteobacteria C. Spirochetes D. Actinobacteria E. Chlamydias ``` 44. Named for their shape; includes pathogens such as species that cause syphilis and Lyme disease 45. Commonly called ‘blue-green algae’; often participate in symbioses as photosynthesizers and/or nitrogen-fixers 46. All species are intracellular parasites; one of the smallest bacteria lineages; some species cause human STD 47. While examining soil from a cornfield, you found a new type of bacteria that turns purple when treated with Gram stain. What lineage might it belong to? 48. Many bacteria found in human gut belong to this group; cell wall with thick layer of peptidoglycan

Answer 37

44. spiro 45. cyano 46. chlamydias 47. actino 48. actino

Question 38

Put the following events from the history of life in relative order (1 = earliest, 5 = most recent)(1pt) ____Origin of prokaryotes ____Origin of animal life ______ origin of significant increase in atmospheric oxygen ____Origin of eukaryotes ____Origin of multicellularity

Answer 38

1. Origin of prokaryotes 2. sig increase 3. eukaryotes 4. multicellularity 5. animal life

Question 39

Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

Answer 39

?

Question 40

what two evolutionary novelties first arose in protists

Answer 40

sexual repro | ingestion of food

Question 41

List two modes of locomotion of protsist

Answer 41

pseudopodia | flagella

Question 42

what are two ways protists are important/ use the 5 fundamental characteristics to say why protists important

Answer 42

?

Question 43

How can you determine if a unicellular organism is a bacteria or a protist

Answer 43

nucleus

Question 44

Compare/contrast primary/secondary consumers

Answer 44

?

Question 45

What characteristics can you use to distinguish types of prokaryotes

Answer 45

``` cell wall structures shape morphology photosynthesis colony morphology movement ```

Question 46

13. Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. a. The total biomass of eukaryotes is approximately ten times the total biomass of prokaryotes. b. Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells. c. Eukaryotes are far more metabolically diverse than prokaryotes.

Answer 46

b

Question 47

protists were the first living organism to reproduce sexually true or false

Answer 47

true

Question 48

Prokaryotes are large and reproduce binary fission | true or false

Answer 48

f | only repro binary fission

Question 49

Conjugation/transformation lead to horizontal gene transfer | true or false?

Answer 49

true

Question 50

If prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission, and the resulting daughter cells are genetically identical, where does the genetic variation necessary for evolution come from? (2pt)

Answer 50

mutation?

Question 51

Compare and contrast members of Domain Archaea with Domain Bacteria. (2pts

Answer 51

?

Question 52

In the process of alternation of generations, the _____ is diploid and produces _____.

Answer 52

sporophyte | spores

Question 53

32. Where are you least likely to see green algae? A. as pink snow in the mountains in summer B. growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals C. growing independently on dry rock in meadows D. growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes E. floating in seas and oceans

Answer 53

?

Question 54

28. A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____. E. have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes F. are exceptionally small G. have three or four membranes H. have only a single pigment

Answer 54

?

Question 55

``` 26. Which of the following is a producer? A. kinetoplastid B. apicomplexan C. diatom D. ciliates ```

Answer 55

?

Question 56

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? A. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). B. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide. C. The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose. D. The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive. E. The host cell would have been poisoned if it had digested the engulfed cell.

Answer 56

?

Question 57

18. Which of the following is not a nutritional mode of protists? A. Absorption B. Photosynthesis C. Ingestion D. All of the above are nutritional modes of protists E. None of the above are nutritional modes of protists

Answer 57

?

Question 58

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A) composition of the cell wall B) lack of a nuclear envelope C) composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope D) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane E) presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall

Answer 58

?