Exam 4 Flashcards
(296 cards)
______ is the microbe establishing itself on the host. When a pathogen colonizes, it is called a _____. Why is this?
- Colonization
- Infection
- The pathogen has a parasitic relationship with the host
A _____ infection has mild symptoms and may even go unnoticed. However, A _____ disease has noticeable impairment with symptoms and signs.
- Subclinical
- Infectious
What is the difference between signs and symptoms? Give some examples.
- Signs: Objective evidence such as rash, swelling, blood count, or fever
- Symptoms: Subjective effects such as pain, nausea, and soreness
A ____ infection is the first one to occur. A _____ infection takes advantage of this and is an additional infection that occurs during or after treatment of the first infection due to a weakened ______ ______.
- Primary
- Secondary
- immune system
An example of a secondary infection is getting _____ after an upper respiratory infection.
-pneumonia
______ is the mechanism by which disease is caused.
Pathogenicity
A _____ pathogen is a microbe or virus that can overcome the immune system and cause disease in an otherwise healthy individual.
-Primary
A _____ pathogen is one that causes disease only when the body’s immune defenses are compromised. These pathogens are often part of the body’s ____ ____.
- Opportunistic
- Normal Flora
Give two examples of opportunistic pathogens.
- Candida Albicans causing vulvovaginitis
2. Streptococcus Pneumonia
______ is the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism. It is determined by its _____ _____.
- Virulence
- Virulence Factors
______ _____ are molecules that a microorganism produces that cause disease or illness.
-Virulence Factors
The _____ _____ is the number of microbes needed to establish infection. The ______ is the number of cells that infects 50% of the population.
- Infectious Dose
- ID50
Compare the ID50’s of Shigellosis and Salmonellosis.
- Shigellosis is highly virulent with a low ID50 and only needs about 10-100 microbes to cause disease
- Salmonellosis needs near 1 million microbes to cause disease
The smaller the ID50, the _____ the incubation period.
Shorter
Name 2 host-related changes or factors that can lead to changes in the composition of the normal microbiota
- Antibiotics
2. Variation of diet
Name 2 host-related changes or factors that can affect the length of the incubation period.
- Age
2. Host condition
Name 2 microbe-related changes or factors that can affect the length of the incubation period.
- ID50
2. Pathogen growth rate
What are the stages of infection? What is the prodromal phase and where does it fit in the stages of infection?
- Incubation –> illness –> Convalescence
- The prodromal phase has vague symptoms and no signs, and would be in between incubation and illness.
The ___ ____ is the time between infection and onset of the illness. How long can it last? What does it depend on?
- Incubation period
- A few days (common cold) to years (leprosy)
- Age, growth rate of the pathogen, host’s physical condition, infectious dose
In the _____ period of infection, signs and symptoms of the disease are experiences.
Illness
The _____ period of infection has vague symptoms and is a transition period before the actual illness kicks in. It is before the ____ period.
- Prodromal
- Illness
The _____ period of infection includes recuperation and recovery from the infection.
-Convalescence
Which stage of disease are individual’s contagious?
They can be contagious during any period, signs and symptoms may not be happening
_____ are individuals who harbor and spread an infectious agent for long periods of time in absence of signs or symptoms. A good example of this is ______.
- Carriers
- STD’s