exam 4 Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
infection
A
caused by a microorganism
2
Q
exposure incubation stage
A
no symptoms
3
Q
exposure prodromal stage
A
vague sense of not being well
4
Q
exposure invasive stage
A
full blown illness
5
Q
exposure acme stage
A
peak of illness
6
Q
exposure decline stage
A
symptoms under control
7
Q
exposure convalescent stage
A
body repairing
8
Q
exposure sequelae stage
A
remaining symptoms body doesn’t repair
9
Q
chain of infection
A
infectious agent passes from one organism to another
10
Q
pathogen
A
infectious agent capable of causing disease
11
Q
vector
A
animal/insect that transmits pathogen to new host
12
Q
reservoir
A
community of pathogens
13
Q
virulence
A
speed/intensity with which a pathogen is likely to cause an infection
14
Q
epidemic
A
widespread outbreak
15
Q
chain of infection six step
A
host infectious agent receiver portal of exit transportation portal of entry
16
Q
virus
A
genome and protein covering
17
Q
bacteria
A
single celled organisms
spherical, rodlike, or spiral
18
Q
prions
A
entirely of protein
19
Q
fungi
A
single celled or multi celled
20
Q
helminths
A
worms
21
Q
protozoa
A
single celled
live independently
22
Q
ectoparasites
A
complex organisms
live on host skin
23
Q
immune system
A
complex set of cells, chemicals, and processes that protects the body against pathogens
24
Q
innate immune system
A
dispose of pathogens in nonspecific manner
25
acute inflammatory response
body’s initial reaction to tissue damage, bringing blood to the site of injury or infection
26
acquired immune system
develops as you are exposed
27
lymphocytes
white blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream and lymphatic system (security guards)
28
antigen
marker on surface of a foreign substance
29
T cell
monitor events inside cell
30
helper t cell
read infection messages
| trigger killer and B cells
31
killer t cell
kill infected cells
32
suppressor t cell
slow down immune system when healed
33
b cells
monitor blood and tissue fluids
34
antibodies
proteins that bind to antigens
| trigger destruction
35
what to t and b cells become
memory cells
36
vaccine
weakened or killed disease to promote immunity
37
passive immunity
temporart immunity
| from antibodies in pregnancy and breastfeeding
38
autoimmune disease
immune system creates immune response to part of body
39
allergies
body identifies harmless substance as antigen
| creates immune response
40
anaphylactic shock
life threatening allergic response
41
how many organisms associated with food related illness
250
42
antibiotic
killing or preventing growth of bacteria
43
antibiotic resistance
lessened sensitivity to effects of antibiotic
44
four leading causes of disease mortality
pneumonia
diarrhea
tuberculosis
malaria
45
latent infection
not currently active
| could reactivate
46
cardiovascular disease
involves heart or blood vessels
47
what is the leading cause of death in US
cardiovascular disease
48
how many deaths does cardiovascular disease account for
1 in 3
49
cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body
50
Pulmonary lung circulation
pumping oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood back to the heart
right side of the heart
51
systemic body circulation
pumping oxygen rich blood to the body and oxygen poor blood back to the heart
left side of the heart
52
aorta
largest artery
53
does the aorta carry oxygen rich or poor blood
rich
54
inferior and superior vena cava
largest veins
55
does the inferior and superior vena cava carry oxygen rich or poor blood
poor
56
coronary arteries
medium sized arteries
57
do the coronary arteries carry oxygen rich or poor blood
rich
58
sinoatrial node
group of cells in the right atrium
| electrical signal is generated; establishes heartbeat
59
Atherosclerosis
thickening or hardening of the arteries due to buildup of fats and other substances
60
fatty streak
accumulation of lipoproteins
61
lipoproteins
proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol
62
plaque
accumulation of debris
63
coronary heart disease
atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
| may result in heart attack
64
what is the leading from of cardiovascular disease
coronary heart disease
65
how many americans live with coronary heart disease
15.5 million
66
ischemia
nsufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissue
67
what causes ischemia
narrowed/ blocked arteries
68
myocardial infarction
lack of blood flow to the heart muscle
| heart attack
69
coronary thrombosis
blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot
70
angina
pain, pressure, heaviness, or tightness in the center of the chest
71
what causes angina
narrowed coronary artery
72
arrhythmia
irregular heartbeat
73
normal heartbeats per minute
60-100
74
sudden cardiac death
loss of heart function
75
cause of sudden cardiac death
irregular or ineffective heartbeat
76
ventricular fibrillation
type of arrhythmia
ventricles contract rapidly
heart quivers instead of beating
77
stroke
blood flow to brain is blocked
78
4th leading cause of death in US
stroke
79
ischemic stroke
cause by blockage in blood vessel in brain
80
what percent of strokes are ischemic
87
81
thrombus
blood clot in narrowed artery
82
embolism
blood clot elsewhere that travels to brain
83
hemorrhagic stroke
bleeding brain tissue
84
transient ischemic attacks
ministrokes
85
subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleed into space between brain and skull
86
intacerebral hemorrhage
bleed from blood vessel into brain
87
embolic stroke
blood clots that travel to brain blood vessels
88
thrombotic stroke
blood clots that form where artery is narrowed
89
congestive heart failure
heart not pumping the blood as well as it should
| blood and fluids back up in the lungs
90
heart valve disorders
one of four heart valves does not open well or close tightly
91
congenital heart disease
at birth
92
peripheral vascular disease
atherosclerosis in arms and legs
93
cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle
94
dilated cardiomyopathy
enlargement of heart;
| weakening of muscle
95
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickening of one part of heart
96
where is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy most common
left ventricle
97
three measurable health factors
blood pressure
blood glucose
cholesterol
98
blood pressure
exerted by blood against artery wall
99
systolic blood pressure
pressure when beating
| top number
100
diastolic blood pressure
pressure in arteries between beating
| bottom number
101
hypertension
high blood pressure
102
how much more likely are people with diabetes to get cardiovascular disease
2-4
103
LDL
bad
104
HDL
good
105
triglycerides
blood fats
106
Electrocardiogram
detect abnormal rhythms, inadequate blood flow, heart enlargement
107
Echocardiogram
heart structure and motion
108
diabetes
production of insulin is disrupted
109
how often was diabetes doubled
15 years
110
type one diabetes
no signal sent
111
type two diabetes
cells resistant to insulin
112
how common is gestational diabetes
2-10% of pregnancies
113
how many cases of gestational diabetes is ongoing
5-10%
114
3rd leading cause of death
chronic lung disease
115
asthma
inflammation, obstruction, and contraction of airways
116
Bronchodilators
quick relief medications of asthma
117
COPD
damage to airways and alveoli
118
Chronic bronchitis
constant inflammation of bronchioles; excess mucus
119
Emphysema
alveoli less elastic; walls between alveoli are damaged
120
cancer
uncontrolled growth of cells
121
Clonal growth
replication of a single cell that produces thousands of copies of itself uncontrollably
122
stem cells
undifferentiated cells
123
carcinogen
cancer causing substance
124
oncogene
drives a cell to grow and divide
125
tumor
mass of extra tissues
126
benign tumor
slow growth
127
malignant
likely to spread
128
metastasis
cancer spread to other parts of body
129
localized cancer
still in primary site
130
invasive cancer
metastasized
131
stage 0 cancer
in layer of cells where it began
132
stage 1 cancer
small and localized
133
stage 2 and 3 cancer
locally advanced
| may involve lymph nodes
134
stage 4
metastasized
135
carcinomas
epithelial tissue
136
epithelial tissue
skin
lining of intestines and body cavities
surface of body organs
137
sarcomas
connective tissue
138
connective tissue
```
bone
tendon
cartilage
muscle
fat
```
139
leukemias
cancer of blood
| bone marrow
140
lymphomas
lymph noes or glands
141
screening tests
large group of people to identify a smaller group who are at higher risk
142
Bronchoscopy
examine lung tissue
143
unintentional injuries
not purposeful
144
defensive driving
anticipating hazards
145
three types of driver distraction
visual
manual
cognitive
146
percent of deaths that occur when pedestrians cross the street
45
147
percent of disabling injuries that occur in home
40
148
percent of work injuries that occur in back
24
149
percent that seatbelts reduce risk of death
47
150
how many people drown everyday
10
151
percent of victims in rape that are men
1-2
152
percent of assault victims that get an STD
4-30
153
percent of college women that experience violent dating
43
154
percent of women that report physical abuse
22
155
violence
force or threat to inflict injury
156
assault
attack on a person using threat or force
157
aggravated assault
with weapon and causes injury
158
simple assault
no injury
159
clery act
colleges must disclose crime
160
sexual assault
forced sexual behavior
161
sexual coercion
persuaded sexual activity
162
statutory rape
under age of consent
163
red zone
female risks at greatest risk of sexual assault
164
desensitization
repeated exposure of violent acts
165
complementary medicine
group of practices used with conventional medicine
166
alternative medicine
alternative to conventional medicine
167
integrative medicine
conventional and complementary
168
conventional medicine
western medicine
169
two types of mind and body interventions
mind body
| energy
170
how long has chinese medicine been used
3,000 years
171
three aspects of chinese medicine
physical
mental
spitirual
172
what is believed to be disturbed in chinese medicine
gi
| energy force
173
two parts of homeopathy
law of similar
| principle of minimal dose
174
law of similar
substance that causes disease in a healthy person can cure sick
175
principle of minimal dose
encourage body to heal itself
| smallest dose possible
176
naturopathy
body can heal itself
177
where does US rank in life expectancy
17
178
environmental health
interaction of humans with environment
179
air pollution
one or more chemicals in atmosphere
180
air quality index of 100
unhealthy for sensitive groups
181
air quality index of 300
hazardous for all
182
smog
mixture of pollutants that makes air hazy
183
industrial smog
cold weather
| burning of coal and oil
184
photochemical smog
summer
| fossil fuels
185
percent of life spent indoors
80-90
186
how many times higher are air pollutants inside
2-5 times
187
best humidity for home
30-50
188
how much waste do we recycle
35
189
percent of energy thats nonrenewable
93
190
how many people are living in poverty
1.4 million
191
earths capacity
50 million
192
clean air act
set emission standards
193
clear skies initiative
mandatory caps to reduce emissions
