Exam 4 - 7&8

Question 1

Phonemes

Answer 1

Smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 2

Morphemes

Answer 2

Smallest distinctive unit conveying cultural or grammatical meaning

Question 3

Semantics

Answer 3

Meanings of words and combinations

Question 4

Syntax

Answer 4

A system of rules for arranging words into sentences

Question 5

Receptive language

Answer 5

Ability to understand language

Question 6

Productive Language

Answer 6

Ability to use language

Question 7

Holophrastic Speech

Answer 7

Single words to express emotion

Question 8

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 8

Brief sentences and non verbal cues

Question 9

Multi-Word Speech

Answer 9

Complex sentences with little symbolic capacity

Question 10

Behaviorist

Answer 10

Children learn through stimulus
Environment
Ex: BF Skinner

Question 11

Nativist

Answer 11

Language acquisition can be accounted for by a biological drive
Biologically motivated to acquire language
Ex: Noam Chomsky

Question 12

Language Acquisition Device

Answer 12

Parts of the nervous system allowing us to acquire and use language

Question 13

Universal Grammar

Answer 13

Aspects of language acquisition are universal due to biological preparedness

Question 14

Language Critical Period

Answer 14

Easier to learn a language in childhood

Question 15

Generative Grammarians

Answer 15

We hear and use rules, even when unable to state them

Question 16

Interactionist

Answer 16

Motivation to acquire language is biological, use is shaped by environment
Ex: Vygotsky and Bruner

Question 17

Scaffolding

Answer 17

Language modified to fit the development stage

Question 18

Concept

Answer 18

Mental grouping
Associative webs

Question 19

Conceptual Differentiation

Answer 19

Awareness of sub categories of concepts

Question 20

Prototype Theory

Answer 20

We create an ideal representation of concepts

Question 21

Prototype Matching

Answer 21

Categorizing by comparing with best fit prototype

Question 22

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 22

Words and grammar cause our thinking

Question 23

Linguistic Relativity

Answer 23

Words and grammar influence thought

Question 24

The Description Studies

Answer 24

Wrote descriptions of self in mandarin and English, results different between languages

Question 25

Algorithm

Answer 25

Liner problem solving process

Question 26

Heuristics

Answer 26

Quick judgments Error prone

Question 27

Representativeness Heuristics

Answer 27

Categorizing something based on “nearness” or similarity to a mental prototype without considering other factors

Question 28

Availability Heuristic

Answer 28

Misestimate probability due to easily available info

Question 29

Hindsight Bias

Answer 29

Tendency to view past outcomes as more predictable than they were

Question 30

The New Business Study

Answer 30

People recalled their estimates of failure lower than they predicted before starting a new business if they failed

Question 31

Confirmation Bias

Answer 31

General tendency to seek confirmation

Question 32

Belief Perseverance

Answer 32

Staying with a discredited belief when confronted with discrediting evidence

Question 33

Mental Set

Answer 33

We tend to over rely on approaches to problems that have been helpful before instead of adjusting

Question 34

Functional Fixedness

Answer 34

Associate objects to uses and problems Struggles to use in different ways

Question 35

Framing

Answer 35

How an issue is posed influences decision making

Question 36

Insight

Answer 36

Sudden realization of a solution

Question 37

Wolfgang Köhler

Answer 37

Gestalt Psychology (whole > part) Insight in chimps

Question 38

Intelligence

Answer 38

A mental capacity enhancing learning, functional performance, and adaptation across settings

Question 39

Alfred Binet

Answer 39

Mental age

Question 40

IQ

Answer 40

Estimate of intelligence

Question 41

Lewis Terman

Answer 41

Local norms

Question 42

Wilhem Stern

Answer 42

Deviation IQ Normal curve

Question 43

David Wechsler

Answer 43

Wechsler intelligence scales

Question 44

Reliability

Answer 44

Consistent

Question 45

Validity

Answer 45

Accuracy

Question 46

Charles Spearman

Answer 46

Factor Analysis

Question 47

LL Thurstire

Answer 47

Theory of multiple intelligences

Question 48

Absolute Difference Approach

Answer 48

Level of performance

Question 49

Rank Order Stability

Answer 49

“Rank” stays the same over time

Question 50

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 50

Takes place over several decades

Question 51

Social Control

Answer 51

External and situation factors Other people

Question 52

Personal control

Answer 52

Individual variables Choices

Question 53

Individual Differences

Answer 53

Ways people differ

Question 54

States

Answer 54

Situation based Changes often

Question 55

Personality traits

Answer 55

Dispositions Tends to stay constant

Question 56

Locus of Control

Answer 56

How a person thinks they have control Internal vs external Julian Rotter

Question 57

Big 5 Personality traits

Answer 57

Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism All independent from one another

Question 58

Attitudes

Answer 58

Emotional evaluations Predispose behavior Help regulate emotions

Question 59

Explicit Attitude

Answer 59

Conscious evaluation

Question 60

Implicit Attitude

Answer 60

Automatic, intuitive evaluations

Question 61

Persuasion

Answer 61

Efforts to alter attitudes Weaken/strengthen

Question 62

Dissonance

Answer 62

Inconsistency is perceived Uncomfortable physical tension experiences Attitudes != behavior Leon Festinger

Question 63

Attributions

Answer 63

Judgments and interpretations regarding causes of event or outcome

Question 64

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 64

Tendency to attribute others actions to internal dispositions, while being flexible regarding self

Question 65

Self Serving Bias

Answer 65

Desire to enhance self view and maintain self preservation

Question 66

Just World Beliefs

Answer 66

Outcomes reflect internal dispositions The world is just A way to cope

Question 67

Social Impact Theory

Answer 67

Factors shaping impact of group Strength of social influence Immediacy (closeness) Number of people in group

Question 68

Conformity

Answer 68

Altering attitudes/behaviors to agree with others expectations Solomon Asch

Question 69

Social Facilitation

Answer 69

Frequency, intensity, and engagement of “dominant” behaviors increases in groups

Question 70

Social Loafing

Answer 70

Decreased effort when working in groups towards a shared goal

Question 71

Deindividualization

Answer 71

Reduction in self awareness Loss of restraint Uncharacteristic behavior

Question 72

The Bystander Effect

Answer 72

Decreased likelihood of helping a person in need when surrounded by people

Question 73

Minority Influence

Answer 73

Conformity can be broken with one influence