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Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Smooth muscle cells have more extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum compared to skeletal muscle cells. (true/false)

A

False

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2
Q

What type of interneurons in the spinal cord are between nociceptors from the foot and alpha motor neurons of quadriceps femoris muscles of the contralateral leg?

A

Glutamatergic Neuron

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3
Q

Which type of smooth muscle tissue has more fine regulation?

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

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4
Q

Which muscles are activated when a stretch receptor is activated?

A

The muscle with the stretch receptor and any of its synergistic muscles.

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5
Q

Smooth muscle contains troponin. (true/false)

A

False

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6
Q

Smooth muscle contains tropomyosin. (true/false)

A

True

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7
Q

What kind of fluid is inside of T-tubules?

A

Extracellular fluid

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8
Q

What kind of contraction happens when load is greater than tension in a skeletal muscle?

A

Eccentric contraction

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9
Q

What can be found in a band of sarcomere?

A

Actin and Myosin

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10
Q

During most of your waking hours, some of your muscle fibers are in tetanus. (true/false)

A

True

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11
Q

What causes delayed onset muscle soreness?

A

Microtears and inflammation

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12
Q

When do skeletal muscles generate the most tension?

A

Near their resting length

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13
Q

Which fibers can generate the most tension?

A

Type IIb

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14
Q

Which type of fatigue is most common?

A

Central command fatigue

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15
Q

All organs have an endocrine function. (true/false)

A

True

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16
Q

Hormones influence all the cells they come in contact with. (true/false)

A

False

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17
Q

Do hormones that are acutely regulated usually have a short or long half-lives?

A

Short half-lives

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18
Q

Where is aldosterone made?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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19
Q

What hormone directly regulates prolactin secretion?

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

During smooth muscle activation, what does calmodulin bind to and activate?

A

Myosin light chain kinase

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21
Q

During smooth muscle activation, what does myosin light chain kinase have a higher affinity for after undergoing conformational change?

A

Actin

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22
Q

During smooth muscle activation, dephosphorylated mysosin undergoes cross-bridge cycling like skeletal muscles. (True/False)

A

True

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23
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) travels to the thyroid gland to stimulate the release of Thyroid Hormone. (true/false)

A

False

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24
Q

Where is Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) released?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Where is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) located?
Anterior Pituitary
26
What stimulates the release of TSH?
TRH | Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
27
What hormone is released by the thyroid gland?
Thyroid Hormone
28
What type of hormones can cross the blood-brain barrier and why?
Steroids and thyroid hormones | Because they are lipid-soluble
29
For the reflex of lifting your foot: What muscles on the ipsalateral side would excitatory and inhibitory afferents synapse on?
Excitatory afferents synapse on the flexor muscles while inhibitory afferents synapse on the extensors.
30
For the reflex of lifting your foot: what muscles on the contralateral side would excitatory and inhibitory afferents synapse on?
Excitatory afferents synapse on the extensor muscles while the inhibitory afferents synapse on the flexor muscles.
31
What controls the secretion rate of hormones?
The action of a substrate other than a hormone on an endocrine gland. Neural control of endocrine gland (Neurotransmitters). Control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland.
32
Define Chronic Hormone Regulation
The maintenance of relatively constant concentration of hormone.
33
Define Acute Hormone Regulation
Stimuli induces a "brief" change in plasma hormone levels.
34
Epinephrine in response to stress is an example of what kind of hormone regulation?
Acute Hormone Regulation
35
Thyroid hormone is an example of what kind of hormone regulation
Chronic Hormone Regulation
36
Female reproductive hormones are an example of what kind of hormone regulation?
Cyclic Hormone Regulation
37
Define Cyclic Hormone regulation
Plasma hormone levels fluctuate regularly
38
Protein-bound hormones can diffuse into interstitial fluid. (true/false)
False
39
As concentration of free hormone molecules increases, what happens to the number of hormone molecules diffusing.
The amount diffusing increases
40
Free hormone molecules bind to target cells. (true/false)
True
41
A decrease in plasma protein concentration can result in loss of hormone. (true/false)
True
42
Hormones are rapidly eliminated by which organs?
Kidney or Liver
43
Lipid soluble hormones diffuse through fenestrae. (true/false)
False
44
What does water soluble hormones diffuse through?
Fenestrae
45
What do lipid soluble hormones diffuse through?
Capillary cells
46
A hormone will activate any cell that is near. (true/false)
False
47
What organs make steroids?
Ovaries Testes Adrenal Glands Placenta
48
Adrenal cortex produces androgens. (true/false)
True
49
What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
- Glucocorticoids - Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) - Androgens
50
What steroids do the gonads produce?
Estrogens Progestins Androgens
51
Steroid hormones are stored in release vesicles. (true/false)
False
52
How is steroid release regulated?
By regulating production
53
Why must steroids bind to proteins to be transported?
They are hydrophobic so they cannot transport themselves to target tissues
54
Peptide amine hormones are stored in secretory vesicles. (true/false)
True
55
Muscle lengthening is a passive process. (true/false)
True
56
What are the main components of muscles?
They are excitable, extensible, and elastic
57
What are skeletal muscles predominantly composed of?
Myocytes
58
What is the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle called?
Sarcolemma
59
A nerve innervates one muscle fiber. (true/false)
False
60
What is the name of a synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber?
Neuromuscular Junction
61
What are myofibrils composed of?
Actin and Myosin
62
Actin fibers are active sites for torponin. (true/false)
False
63
Where do mysosin bind to actin?
Actin fibers
64
What do troponin molecules do?
Regulate the position of tropomyosin over the actin active sites.
65
Myofilaments are arranged into sarcomeres. (true/false)
True
66
Which band contains only actin myofilaments?
I Band
67
Which band contains only myosin myofilaments?
H Band
68
What contains proteins to help hold myosin in register?
M Line
69
WHat is the attachment site for one end of the actin myofilament?
Z Disk/Line
70
What attaches myosin to the Z Line?
Titin
71
Titin contributes to which properties of muscle and how?
Titin acts like a spring to contribute to the extensibility and elasticity of muscle
72
How are sarcomeres shortened?
Actin myofilaments sliding over myosin
73
Gravity cause sarcomeres to lengthen during relaxation. (true/false)
True
74
What external force(s) cause sarcomeres to lengthen during relaxation.
Antagonistic Muscles | Gravity
75
What is necessary for myosin to detach from actin?
ATP
76
After death ATP is still produced. (true/false)
False
77
Contraction of skeletal muscle is secondary to motor neuron activation. (true/false)
True
78
Muscle fibers have a high number of what ion leak channels?
Potassium
79
Resting membrane for muscle fiber is around -85 to -90 mV. (true/false)
True
80
What is the depolarizing stimulus for muscle cells?
Opening of a nicotinic receptor ion channel
81
Many motor units make up one muscle. (true/false)
True
82
What size motor units are for gross control?
Large Motor Units
83
Small motor units do what kind of control?
Fine Control
84
What does the activation of the motor neuron lead to?
- Release of ACh from the presynaptic neruon - Activation of nictonic receptors on post-synaptic muscle cell - Depolarization of the muscle cell
85
What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store and contain a high concentration of?
Calcium ion
86
What protein(s) in the sarcolemma remove Calcium ion?
Na+ -- Ca++ exchanger | Ca++ Pump
87
Intracellular ATP stores are large. (true/false)
False
88
What can ATP be made from rapidly?
Phosphocreatine
89
Muscles store enough phosphocreatine to replenish ATP pool several times. (true/false)
True
90
Define concentric contraction.
Isotonic contraction in which tension in muscle overcomes load and muscle shortens
91
Define eccentric contraction
Isotonic contraction in which tension is maintained but load is greater and muscle lengthens.
92
Slowly lowering a weight is an example of what kind of contraction?
Eccentric Contraction
93
There is a lag phase between when the motor neuron is stimulated and the contraction is intiated. (true/false)
True
94
What are the phases (in order) of a muscle twitch?
Lag Phase Contraction Phase Relaxation Phase
95
What is the duration of a muscle fiber contraction dependent on?
Duration of calcium increase in cytoplasm | How long it takes myosin heads to detach

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