Exam 1

Question 1

A single cell may have receptors for multiple intercellular communication molecules. (True/False)

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All enzymes are proteins. (True/False)

Answer 2

True

Question 3

All forms of active transport use ATP either directly or indirectly. (True/False)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Calcium acts as a second messenger in cells. (True/False)

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Over what distance is diffusion efficient?

Answer 5

Short distances

Question 6

What change in concentration is net diffusion?

Answer 6

From high to low concentration

Question 7

Which environment does homeostasis maintain?

Answer 7

Extracellular Environment

Question 8

What is the study of body structure called?

Answer 8

Anatomy

Question 9

Water moves towards solutions with…

Answer 9

High osmotic pressure

Question 10

Is flux through an ion channel or a transporter faster?

Answer 10

Ion Channel

Question 11

Exercise increases the ability of your blood to clot should you experience mechanical trauma. This is an example of:

Answer 11

Feed-forward

Question 12

Mechanical trauma leads to leakage of blood from blood vessels, which triggers clotting to stop blood loss. This is an example of:

Answer 12

Negative Feedback

Question 13

What do you do to an enzymes affinity for a substrate to decrease the rate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme at ligand concentration below a new saturation level?

Answer 13

Decrease its affinity.

Question 14

What forms a permeability barrier between cells?

Answer 14

Tight Junctions

Question 15

What are the mechanism(s) for gating ion channels?

Answer 15

Ligand-gating
Mechanical-gating
Voltage-gating

Question 16

What helps make up desmosomes?

Answer 16

Cadherins

Question 17

Steady-state requires energy. (True/False)

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What in the plasma membrane makes it less fluid?

Answer 18

Cholesterol

Question 19

Why are all cells not the same even though they have the same DNA?

Answer 19

Cellular differentiation

Question 20

What types of proteins are involved in retrograde transport in neurons?

Answer 20

Dyneins

Question 21

What is a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system called?

Answer 21

Nucleus

Question 22

IP3 stimulates the release of what ion from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 22

Calcium

Question 23

What enzyme does the alpha subunit of Gi bind to?

Answer 23

Adenylyl cyclase

Question 24

What enzyme does the alpha subunit of Gq bind to?

Answer 24

Phospholipase C

Question 25

Which organ systems are involved in homeostasis?

Answer 25

All except the reproductive system

Question 26

Desmosomes are common in epithelial cells. (True/False)

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Diffusion is effective over what distance?

Answer 27

Short

Question 28

In a healthy person, all variables are always in homeostasis. (True/False)

Answer 28

False

Question 29

If an ion channel lets potassium (39 g/mol) pass through, it must also allow sodium (23 g/mol) to pass through. (True/False)

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Intracellular receptors are also transcription factors. (True/False)

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Ligands are covalently bound proteins. (True/False)

Answer 31

False

Question 32

Most proteins have multiple binding sites for ligands. (True/False)

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Multi-step signal transduction pathways allow for amplification of the effects in the cell. (True/False)

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Positive feedback can be used to maintain homeostasis. (True/False)

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Reflexes happen inside a cell. (true/false)

Answer 35

False

Question 36

Since hormones enter the blood, all cells in the body will respond to the hormone. (true/false)

Answer 36

False

Question 37

The more solutes dissolved in a water solution, the higher the osmolarity of the solution. (true/false)

Answer 37

True

Question 38

What is the predominant use of ATP in cells?

Answer 38

Phosphorylate proteins

Question 39

Equilibrium or Steady-State | Which does NOT require energy to be maintained?

Answer 39

Equilibrium

Question 40

Are there more types of Intracellular Receptors or Membrane-bound Receptors?

Answer 40

Intracellular Receptors

Question 41

What type of osmolarity does water move towards?

Answer 41

Higher osmolarity

Question 42

On which side are integral proteins glycosylated?

Answer 42

The extracellular side

Question 43

What does it mean to say that epithelial cells are polar?

Answer 43

They have different proteins on the apical and basolateral membrane

Question 44

What is the MOST SPECIFIC type of endocytosis?

Answer 44

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Question 45

What is the study of body structure called?

Answer 45

Anatomy

Question 46

Connexins are a part of...

Answer 46

Gap Junctions

Question 47

What does the alpha-subunit of Gq-protein bind to?

Answer 47

Phospholipase C

Question 48

If J is positive, the net flux is from...

Answer 48

Outside the cell to inside the cell

Question 49

What would increasing the affinity of an enzyme for a substrate do to the reaction rate?

Answer 49

Increase the rate of reaction at substrate concentrations below the initial saturation level

Question 50

When the sodium-potassium pump is phosphorylated, what does it have a high affinity for and where are its binding sites?

Answer 50

High affinity for potassium | Both binding sites are facing the extracellular side

Question 51

Which cell communication requires direct cell contact?

Answer 51

Juxtacrine communication

Question 52

What are the products of the reaction catalyzed by Phospholipase C?

Answer 52

DAG and IP3

Question 53

What enzyme is necessary for the dephosporylation of proteins?

Answer 53

Phosphoproteins phosphatase

Question 54

What transcription factor does JAK bind to?

Answer 54

STAT

Question 55

What can increase the rate of flux of a solute across a semipermeable membrane?

Answer 55

Increased surface area Increased permiability Positive change in concentration

Question 56

What is the equation for net flux?

Answer 56

J = AP(Co - Ci)

Question 57

What is a functional unit?

Answer 57

A small, repeating unit that performs the function of the organ.