Exam 4 - Bone 2

Question 1

Bones increase in length

Answer 1

• interstitial growth of EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

- EPIPHYSEAL LINE is left behind when cartilage is gone

Question 2

Bones increase in width

Answer 2

• OSTEOBLASTS lay down matrix in layers on outer surface and OSTEOCLASTS dissolve bone on inner surface

Question 3

Wolff’s law of bone

Answer 3

(bones remodeled throughout life)
architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses through action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
EX) greater density and mass of bone of athletes or manual worker is an adaptation to stress

Question 4

size and shape of a bone determined…

Answer 4

genetically but can be modified and influenced by nutrition and hormones

Question 5

Lack of calcium, protein, and other nutrients during growth and development can…

Answer 5

cause bones to be small

Question 6

Vitamin D

Answer 6

• necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines

- can be eaten or manufactured in the body

Question 7

Rickets

Answer 7

lack of vitamin D during childhood

Question 8

Osteomalacia

Answer 8

lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones

Question 9

Vitamin C

Answer 9

• necessary for COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS by osteoblasts

Question 10

Scurvy

Answer 10

deficiency of vitamin C

Question 11

What does lack of vitamin C also cause?

Answer 11

Causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out

Question 12

Growth hormone

Answer 12

• from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth

Question 13

Thyroid hormone

Answer 13

required fro growth of all tissues

Question 14

sex hormones

Answer 14

EX) estrogen and testosterone

• cause growth at puberty, but also cause closure of epiphyseal plates and cessation of growth
• they have a DUAL purpose: to enhance and inhibit growth

Question 15

Growth rapid at puberty

Answer 15

• hormones stimulate osteogenic cells, chondrocytes, and matrix deposition in growth plate
• GIRLS GROW FASTER THAN BOYS and reach full height earlier (estrogen has stronger effect), but males growth for a longer period of time and taller

Question 16

Teenage use of anabolic steroids

Answer 16

results in premature closure of growth plate and short adult stature

Question 17

Fracture

Answer 17

typically caused by SIGNIFICANT TRAUMA

car accident, fall, athletics, etc.

Question 18

Pathologic fracture

Answer 18

occurs w/ little if any trauma in bone weakened by disease

bone cancer or osteoporosis

Question 19

open fracture

Answer 19

break in the skin

Question 20

Comminuted fracture

Answer 20

multiple pieces

Question 21

Greenstick fracture

Answer 21

partial fracture (disruption of only one side of bone)

Question 22

Impacted fracture

Answer 22

one side of fracture driven into the interior of other side

Question 23

Pott’s fracture

Answer 23

distal FIBULAR fracture

Question 24

Colles’s fracture

Answer 24

distal RADIAL fracture

Question 25

Stress fracture

Answer 25

microscopic fissures from repeated strenuous activities

Question 26

Oblique fracture

Answer 26

similar to transverse fracture but at an angle

Question 27

Healing of a fracture normally takes...?

Answer 27

8-12 weeks (longer in elderly)

Question 28

Where does the pain from a fracture come from?

Answer 28

Periosteum

Question 29

Process of healing a bone (refer to slides for details)

Answer 29

1. Hematoma formation 2. Soft callus formation 3. Hard callus formation 4. Bone remodeling

Question 30

Closed reduction

Answer 30

fragments are aligned w/ manipulation and casted

Question 31

Open reduction

Answer 31

surgical exposure and repair w/ plates and screws

Question 32

When is electrical stimulation used for fractures?

Answer 32

used on fractures if 2 months of healing is necessary

Question 33

Orthopedics

Answer 33

area of medicine specialized in the prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints and muscles

Question 34

Osteoporosis

Answer 34

bones lose mass and become "brittle" (loss of organic matrix and minerals) - risk of fracture of hip, wrist, vertebral column increased - complications (pneumonia and blood clotting)

Question 35

Who is at a greater risk for osteoporosis

Answer 35

postmenopausal white women at greatest risk

Question 36

By age 70, what is the average loss of bone mass?

Answer 36

30%

Question 37

Who rarely suffer symptoms of osteoporosis?

Answer 37

Black women

Question 38

What maintains density in both sexes by inhibiting bone resorption?

Answer 38

Estrogen

Question 39

What produce estrogen in men?

Answer 39

Testes and adrenals

Question 40

Osteoporosis in women (dealing w/ estrogen)

Answer 40

Rapid loss after menopause, if body fat too low or w/ disuse during immobilization

Question 41

ERT

Answer 41

From of treatment for osteoporosis | - slows bone resorption, but INCREASES RISK OF CANCER, STROKE, AND HEART DISEASE

Question 42

PTH

Answer 42

Form of treatment for osteoporosis - slows bone loss if given as daily injection - FORTEO increases density by 10% in 1 year - MAY PROMOTE BONE CANCER

Question 43

Best treatment for osteoporosis

Answer 43

PREVENTION - exercise - calcium intake (1,000 mg/day) between ages 25 and 40