Exam 4 - Joints

Question 1

Articulation (joint)

Answer 1

place where 2 bones come together

Question 2

Arthrology

Answer 2

study of joints

Question 3

Kinesiology

Answer 3

study of musculoskeletal movement

Question 4

How are joints classified?

Answer 4

By substance “between” adjacent bones and “flexibility”

Question 5

Joint classifications

Answer 5

SSAD
Bony - synostosis
Fibrous - synarthrosis
Cartilaginous - Amphiarthrosis
Synovial - Diarthrosis

Question 6

Synostosis

Answer 6

no movement because joint disappears

Question 7

Synarthrosis

Answer 7

little or no movement

Question 8

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 8

slightly moveable

Question 9

Diarthrosis

Answer 9

freely movable

Question 10

What makes up the joint capsule?

Answer 10

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

Question 11

Fibrous capsule

Answer 11

dense irregular connective tissue, continuous w/ fibrous layer of the periosteum
- portions may thicken to from ligaments

Question 12

Tendons attach…

Answer 12

muscle to bone

Question 13

Ligaments attach…

Answer 13

bone to bone

Question 14

Synovial membrane

Answer 14

membrane lines inside of joint capsule EXCEPT at actual articulation of articular cartilages

Question 15

Synovial fluid

Answer 15

complex mixture of polysaccharides, HYALURONIC ACID, proteins, fat, and cells

• slippery and serves as lubricant
• also “feeds” cartilage (cartilage doesn’t have a blood supply)

Question 16

Bursa

Answer 16

saclike extension of joint capsule (pockets of synovial membrane)
- lie between nearby structures so they can slide more easily past each other

Question 17

Tendon sheaths

Answer 17

cylinders of connective tissue lined w/ synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon

Question 18

Shoulder joint axes

Answer 18

Has 3 degrees of freedom = multiaxial joint

Question 19

6 classes of synovial joints

Answer 19

1. ball and socket
2. pivot joint
3. saddle joint
4. hinge joint
5. gliding joint
6. condyloid joint

Question 20

Range of motion

Answer 20

degrees through which a joint can move

Question 21

What determines range of motion?

Answer 21

• articular surfaces
• strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons, and capsule
• action of muscles and tendons

Question 22

Stretching of ligaments

Answer 22

increases range of motion

Question 23

“double-jointed” people

Answer 23

have long or slack ligaments

Question 24

Lever

Answer 24

rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a FULCRUM

Question 25

When does movement occur?

Answer 25

When EFFORT overcomes RESISTANCE | - resistance arm and effort arm are described relative to fulcrum

Question 26

Classes of levers:

Answer 26

FRE

Question 27

First class level

Answer 27

Load FULCRUM Effort

Question 28

Second class lever

Answer 28

Fulcrum RESISTANCE/LOAD Effort

Question 29

Third class lever

Answer 29

Resistance/load EFFORT FULCRUM

Question 30

Types of lever produce either increase in...

Answer 30

speed or force

Question 31

Example of levers that help increase output of force

Answer 31

Human moving a heavy object w/ help of crowbar

Question 32

Levers that move objects further and faster

Answer 32

Movement of row boat w/ paddle

Question 33

Mechanical advantage equation

Answer 33

length of the effort arm divided by length of resistance arm | E/R

Question 34

MA = 1

Answer 34

no advantage or disadvantage

Question 35

MA < 1

Answer 35

disadvantage or low power, but high speed (effort arm is shorter than resistance arm)

Question 36

MA > 1

Answer 36

advantage or high power, but low speed (effort arm is longer than resistance arm)

Question 37

Flexion

Answer 37

decreases angle of a joint

Question 38

Extension

Answer 38

straightens and returns to the anatomical position

Question 39

Hyperextension

Answer 39

extension beyond 180 degrees

Question 40

Adduction

Answer 40

movement TOWARD THE MIDLINE

Question 41

Hyperadduction

Answer 41

crossing fingers

Question 42

Abduction

Answer 42

movement of a part AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE

Question 43

Hyperabduction

Answer 43

raise arm over back or front of head

Question 44

Elevation

Answer 44

movement that RAISES A BONE VERTICALLY | - mandibles are elevated during biting and clavicles during a shrug

Question 45

Depression

Answer 45

lowering the mandible or the shoulders

Question 46

Protraction

Answer 46

movement anteriorly on horizontal plane | - thrusting the jaw, shoulder or pelvis forward

Question 47

Retraction

Answer 47

movement posteriorly

Question 48

Circumduction

Answer 48

movement in which one end of appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion - REALLY A SEQUENCE OF FLEXION, ABDUCTION, EXTENSION, AND ADDUCTION MOVEMENTS

Question 49

Rotation

Answer 49

movement on longitudinal axis

Question 50

Medial roation

Answer 50

turns bone inwards

Question 51

Lateral rotation

Answer 51

turns bone outwards

Question 52

Supination in the forearm and foot

Answer 52

- rotation of forearm so that the PALM FACES FORWARD | - plantar flexion, inversion and adduction of foot

Question 53

Pronation "pro dribbling a basketball" in the forearm and foot

Answer 53

- rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear | - dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction of foot

Question 54

Radial flexion

Answer 54

toward the radius (toward the side of the thumb)

Question 55

Ulnar flexion

Answer 55

toward the ulna (away from thumb)

Question 56

What injuries in the ankles do we see more of?

Answer 56

Inversion

Question 57

Arthritis

Answer 57

broad term for PAIN AND INFLAMMATION OF JOINTS

Question 58

Osteoarthritis

Answer 58

- results from years of joint wear - articular cartilage softens and degenerates - bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain * not an inflammatory response

Question 59

Rheumatoid arthiritis

Answer 59

caused by an AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK ON JOINTS - antibodies attack synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid DEGRADE THE CARTILAGE * inflammatory process

Question 60

Arhtroplasty

Answer 60

replacement of diseased joint w/ artificial device called PROSTHESIS