Exam 4 - Digestive System 3

Question 1

Forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents (chime) from mouth

Answer 1

vomiting/retching

Question 2

Where is vomiting/retching integrated?

Answer 2

Medulla

Question 3

Retching

Answer 3

• LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER relaxes while the stomach and duodenum contract spasmodically
• chime enters the esophagus but returns to stomach (DOES NOT PASS THE UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER)

Question 4

Vomiting

Answer 4

when abdominal contraction FORCES UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER TO OPEN

Question 5

Potential problems of vomiting

Answer 5

Chronic vomiting - may cause dangerous fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances
Aspiration - food into lungs

Question 6

Sheet of mesentery that suspends the liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall (separates left and right)

Answer 6

Falciform ligament

Question 7

Remnant of the umbilical vein

Answer 7

round ligament (ligamentum teres)

Question 8

Where does the gallbladder adhere to the liver?

Answer 8

adheres to ventral surface between right and quadrate lobe

G and Q go together

Question 9

Porta hepatis

Answer 9

where vessels, ducts, nerves exit/enter liver

Question 10

Functions of the liver

Answer 10

• bile production
• storage
• nutrient interconversion
• synthesis
• detoxification
• phagocytosis

Question 11

Liver: Bile production

Answer 11

• Bile salts emulsify fats and are reabsorbed in the ileum

- Neutralizes and dilutes stomach acid

Question 12

What do bile salts contain?

Answer 12

• minerals
• bile pigments (bilirubin)
• bile acids/salts (steroids)
• lecithin

Question 13

Secretin

Answer 13

(from the duodenum) stimulates bile secretions, increasing water and bicarbonate ion content of the bile

Question 14

Liver: storage

Answer 14

• glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper, and iron

- hepatic portal blood comes to liver from small intestine

Question 15

Liver: nutrient interconversion

Answer 15

• amino acids to energy producing compounds

- hydroxylation of vitamin D; vitamin D then travels to kidney where it is hydroxylated again into its active form

Question 16

Liver: synthesis

Answer 16

albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors

Question 17

Liver: detoxification

Answer 17

hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea (infection/decontaminant activity)

Question 18

Liver: phagocytosis

Answer 18

KUPFFER CELLS phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood cells, some bacteria

Question 19

Interior of liver is filled w/ tiny cylinders called

Answer 19

hepatic lobules

Question 20

Hepatic sinusoids

Answer 20

lined w/ hepatic phagocytic (Kupffer) cells which REMOVE BACTERIA AND DEBRIS FROM BLOOD

Question 21

What makes up the common hepatic duct from liver?

Answer 21

right and left hepatic ducts

Question 22

What makes up the common bile duct?

Answer 22

common hepatic duct along w/ the CYSTIC DUCT FROM GALLBLADDER

Question 23

What makes up the duodenum?

Answer 23

common bile duct and pancreatic duct from pancreas

Question 24

Function of bladder

Answer 24

stores and concentrates bile

• bile backs up into gallbladder from a filled bile duct
• between meals, bile is concentrated 5-20X

Question 25

What is the gallbladder stimulated by?

Answer 25

Cholecystokinin (from intestine) and vagal stimulation

Question 26

Enterohepatic circulation

Answer 26

about 80% of bile acids are reabsorbed in ileum and get reused 2 or more times during digestion of average meal - 20% THAT IS NOT REABSORBED IS BODY'S ONLY WAY OF ELIMINATING EXCESS CHOLESTEROL

Question 27

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 27

it is a retroperitoneal gland; posterior to stomach

Question 28

Endocrine and exocrine pancreas

Answer 28

- secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood | - secretes 1500 mL of pancreatic juice (water, enzymes, zymogens, and sodium bicarbonate) into duodenum

Question 29

Pancreatic acinar cells

Answer 29

secrete ENZYMES and ZYMOGENS (protease enzyme precursors) while ducts secrete BICARB to buffer HCL from stomach

Question 30

Enzymes that acini secrete

Answer 30

Lipase (fats) Amylase (starch) Ribonuclease Deoxyribonuclease

Question 31

Zymogens

Answer 31

Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Trypsinogen

Question 32

Trypsinogen is converted by to..

Answer 32

trypsin by enterokinase (on surface of epithelial cells)

Question 33

What does trypsin convert?

Answer 33

Other 2 zymogens into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

Question 34

Where is bicarbonate produced?

Answer 34

in the pancreas

Question 35

Cholecystokinin

Answer 35

released from duodenum in response to arrival of acid and fat

Question 36

Secretin

Answer 36

released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme