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211-Nursing Basics > Exam 4-Infection > Flashcards

Exam 4-Infection Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Definition

Infection

A

the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be unapparent or the result of local cellular injury caused by metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response

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2
Q

Definition

Asepsis

A

freedom from and prevention of disease-causing contamination

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3
Q

Signs and Sx’s of

Localized Infection

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • tenderness
  • numbness/tingling
  • loss of function in area
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4
Q

Signs/Sx’s of

Systemic Infections

A
  • fever
  • increased HR
  • increased RR
  • lethargy
  • anorexia
  • lymph node tenderness/enlargement
  • muscle aches
  • headache
  • acute confusion (elderly)
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5
Q

Inflammation

Responses to acute inflammation

3

A
  • vascular permeability
  • cellular chemotaxis
  • systemic response
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6
Q

Inflammation

Describe vascular permeability

A

inflammatory mediators (like histamine) cause blood vessels to dilate and be more permeable which causes fluid and WBCs to go to site of infection (creates warmth and swelling)

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7
Q

Inflammation

Describe Cellular Chemotaxis

A

when chemical signals from WBCs and other microbial agents attract platelets and other WBCs to the site of infection

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8
Q

Inflammation

Describe systemic response

A

Sx’s throughout whole body:
* fever
* pain
* swollen lymph nodes
* sleepiness
* wt loss
* Chemical mediators are responsible for most of these effects

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9
Q

Definition

Inflammation

A

a local response to cellular injury or infection that includes capillary dilation and leukocyte infiltration

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10
Q

Humoral immunity

A

WBC produces antibodies in response to antigens or pathogens

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11
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

defense the body does not recognize; WBCs directly attack antigens; helper T cells stimulate antibody production

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12
Q

Assessing for Infection

4

A
  • Vital signs
  • Assessment questions (asking about signs/sxs)
  • Nutrition assessment
  • Risk assessment (chronic disease, skin integrity, etc)
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13
Q

Definition

Colonization

A

when microorganisms are in or on the body but do not cause any signs/sxs
-basically a carrier

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14
Q

Examples of

Colonization

A
  • TB
  • MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus)
  • C. Diff
  • VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcus)
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15
Q

Transmission Precautions

Types of Precautions

4

A
  • contact
  • droplet
  • airborne
  • protective isolation
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16
Q

Contact Precautions

Examples

A
  • multidrug resistant organisms
  • scabies
  • HSV
  • draining wounds
  • C. Diff
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17
Q

Contact Precautions

PPE

A

gown and gloves

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18
Q

Airborne Precautions

Used when what?

A

when known or suspected contagious diseases can be transmitted by means of small dropets that can remain in the air for long periods of time

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19
Q

Airborne Precautions

Examples

Study These Flashcards
A
  • TB
  • varicella
  • disseminated herpes
20
Q

Airborne Precautions

PPE

4

Study These Flashcards
A
  • gloves
  • gown
  • mask (N95)
  • negative pressure room
21
Q

Droplet Precautions

Used when what

Study These Flashcards
A

when known or suspected contagious diseases can be transmitted though large droplets suspended in the air

22
Q

Droplet Precautions

PPE

4

Study These Flashcards
A
  • gloves
  • gown
  • mask
  • goggles
23
Q

Droplet Precautions

Examples

Study These Flashcards
A
  • flu
  • rubella
  • mumps
  • pneumonia
  • diphtheria
24
Q

Protective Isolation

Used when what?

Study These Flashcards
A

when patients have a compromised immune system

25
# Protective Isolation Precautions that MAY be used (not always)
* filters * masks * meticulous handwashing * no live items brought into the room * positve pressure room (all varies on patient)
26
# Chain of Infection The 6 components
* mode of transmission * portal of entry * susceptible host * infectious agent * source * portal of exit
27
# Definition and examples Source of Infection
reservoir or host * inanimate objects * humans * animals
28
# Definitions and examples Portal of exit
the means by which the pathogen escapes from the reservoir of infection * emesis * sputum * urine * stool * blood * wound drainage * genital secretions
29
# Definitions and Examples Mode of Transmission
form of transport * direct contact * indirect contact (uses vehicle) * airborne * droplet * vector borne (animal or insect carrying pathogen from host to host)
30
# Definitions and Examples Portal of Entry
means by which the microorganism enters the host * GI tract * GU tract * Respiratory tracts * Broken skin
31
# Definitions and Examples Susceptible Host
someone exposed to an infectious disease
32
Factors that INCREASE host susceptibility
* break in 1st line of defense * illness/injury * tobacco use * substance abuse * multiple partners * chronic disease * meds * medical procedures
33
Factors at AFFECT susceptibility
* extremes in ages * gender (depending on infection) * obesity * geographic area * disabilities * culture/ethnicity/religion
34
# Staph Aureus Characteristics
* hardy gram pos, round, form clusters * can survive long periods on surfaces * can colonize on skin, vagina, nares, and oropharynx as normal flora * Leading cause of nosocomial and surgical wound infections
35
2 exmples of Staph Aureus
* MRSA * VRSA
36
# C. diff Signs/Sx's
* prolonged frequent diarrhea * fever * abd pain
37
# C. Diff Causes
* long term abx use * prolonged use of PPI * acquired from a different pt
38
# C. Diff Tx
* d/c abx * hand hygeine * bleach to disinfect * rehydration * metronidazole (to control diarrhea) * fecal transplantation
39
# Labs Which ones assess for infection?
* CBC * WBC diff * C & S * CRP * ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
40
# Normal Range WBC
5-10,000 cells/ cubic mm
41
WBC diff breakdown
* neutrophils * monocytes * eosinophils * basophils
42
Neutrophils | immature ones too
* 50-70% of WBCs * short lived phagocytes * immature ones are called bands
43
Lymphocytes
* the "brains" of the immune system * associated with viral * Tcells (immunity on/off) * Bcells (produce antibodies)
44
CRP
* indicates inflammation * has pro and anti-inflammatory actions * helps identify foreign from self
45
ESR | range and indication
range: less than 20 mm/hr indicates whether inflammation is present

211-Nursing Basics (10 decks)

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