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Child Development > Exam 4 Review > Flashcards

Exam 4 Review Flashcards

(90 cards)

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0
Q

Who defined/studied the three different temperaments in children?

A

Chess & Thomas

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1
Q

Emotional competence

A

Awareness of one’s own emotional state whilst detecting emotion in others.
Self regulation
Controlling one’s own feelings

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2
Q

Shyness with strangers
What is it
Begins at what age

A

Inhibited children react to unfamiliar situations with avoidance or distress

7-9 months

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3
Q

Inhibited vs uninhibited

A

Inhibited react to unfamiliarity with avoidance and distress
Uninhibited are sociable

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4
Q

Who coined the shy/sociable inhibited/uninhibited

A

Kagan

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5
Q

Extraversion/ surgency

A

Positive, Active and sensation seeking

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6
Q

Negative affectivity

A

Fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort

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7
Q

Effortful control

A

Self regulation; more easy going

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8
Q

Rothbart and bates temperament categories

A

Extroversion/surgency
Negative affectivity
Effortful control

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9
Q

Goodness of fit

A

Match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands

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10
Q

Oral attachment
Who?
What is it

A

Freud

Bond with mother based on nourishment

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11
Q

Orphanage studies
Who?
What were they?

A

Rene Spitz
South American orphanage research showed that when removed from mother or primary caregiver there are negative long term effects

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12
Q

Monkey studies on attachment
Who?
Trying to show what?

A

Harry Harlow

Show that human attachment is based off of more than just food

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13
Q

Strange situation studies on attachment
Who?
4 types?

A 
Mary Ainsworth 
Secure
Insecure avoidant 
Insecure resistant 
Insecure disorganized
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14
Q

Self understanding

A

Cognitive representation of the self

Changes over time and is part of our personal identity

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15
Q

Developmental changes in self identity in infancy

A

Recognition of self

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16
Q

Developmental changes in self identity In early childhood

A

Confusion of self, mind and body.

Concrete descriptions of self, unrealistic positive overestimations Of self

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17
Q

Developmental changes in self identity in middle and late childhood

A

Psychological traits and social descriptions/comparisons. Real self vs ideal self, realistic views of self

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18
Q

Developmental changes in self identity in adolescence

A

Self consciousness and contradictions within the self, possible self

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19
Q

Understanding others: social cognition

A

Processes involved in understanding the world and how we think and reason about others

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20
Q

Self esteem

A

Global evaluative dimension of the self; high vs low

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21
Q

Self concept

A

Makes part of self esteem; domain specific evaluations is different areas of life

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22
Q

Identity: individuality

A

Character traits that make you an individual; what makes you special or sets you apart from the crowd

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23
Q

Identity: independence

A

Authority or control

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24
Identity: autonomy
Independence or freedom as in the will of one's actions
25
Erikson and identity (4)
Identity vs identity confusion Adolescent experience Psychosocial moratorium Implications of identity confusion
26
Identity Diffusion
No commitment, no crisis yet
27
Identity Foreclosure
Commitment, no crisis yet
28
Identity Moratorium
No commitment, in mid crisis
29
Identity Achievement
Commitment Made, crisis behind you
30
4 types of identity statuses
Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Achievement
31
Biological influences on gender
Hormones and hormone disorders
32
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Women produce more androgens than average
33
Androgen insensitive males
More feminine characteristics
34
Pelvic field defect
All or some of external genitalia missing for males
35
Social role theory
Gender differences result from contrasting roles of men and women. Society dictates these roles
36
Psychoanalytic theory of gender
Gender behavior is similar to same Same sex parent, following attraction to opposite sex parent
37
Social cognitive theory of gender
Gender development occurs through observation and imitation
38
Cultural influences on gender
Traditional stereotypes | Changes over time
39
Gender schema theory
Gender typing emerges as children, gradually develops as they learn schemas of what is gender appropriate in their culture
40
Gender typing
Acquisition Of a traditional masculine or feminine role
41
Gender stereotyping
Beliefs held about what behavior is appropriate for males and females
42
Interpersonal vs intrapersonal moral development
Q
43
Piaget moral development 2 stages
Stage 1 heteronomous morality Transition period Stage 2 autonomous
44
Kohlberg level 1 stage 1 moral development
Punishment/obedience; whatever leads to a punishment is wrong
45
Kohlberg level 1
Preconventional; right and wrong are determined by punishment and rewards
46
Kohlberg level 1 stage 2 of moral development
Rewards; behave in a way that is rewarded
47
Kohlberg level 2 moral development
Conventional; views of others are important, avoid blame and seek approval
48
Kohlberg stage 3 moral development
Mutual interpersonal expectations; conforming to meet expectations
49
Kohlberg stage 4 of moral development
Social system morality; acknowledging authority and following rules
50
Kohlberg level 3 of moral development
Postconventional; justice becomes more abstract; human rights override obedience to law
51
Kohlberg stage 5 of moral development
Moral vs legal right; rules must sometimes be broken
52
Kohlberg stage 6 of moral development
Universal ethical principles; evaluate views of all involved when making moral decisions
53
Heinz dilemma stages 1-6
``` 1 obedience 2 self interest 3 conformity 4 law and order 5 human rights 6 universal human ethics ```
54
Denial of justice perspective
People make moral decisions independently
55
Argument for care perspective
Morality is more about concern for others and interpersonal relationships are key
56
Frans de Waal: 4 pillars of morality
Reciprocity Fairness Empathy Compassion
57
Chess and Thomas's 3 classifications of temperament
Easy- adapts easily Difficult- resistant to change Slow to warm up- low activity levels
58
Kagan's behavioral inhibition
Broad temperament categories of shy vs sociable or inhibited vs uninhibited
59
John Bowlby's theory of attachment 4 phases
1- infants orient to humans 2- infants attach to one figure 3- babies from many attachments 4- emotional connectedness
60
Securely attached
Mom is secure base; babies can crawl odd and come back and check in but are comfortable showing independence; reconnect with mom right away
61
Insecure avoidant
Avoid mothers; engage in little interaction with mom, not distressed when mothers leave
62
Insecure resistant
Cling to caregiver; do not explore, is upset when mom leaves and stays upset when she returns
63
Insecure disorganized
Confused and fearful; show patterns of avoidance and resistance, have extreme emotions
64
Understanding others during childhood
Inquisitive
65
Understanding others in middle/late childhood
Perspective taking
66
10 identity inclusions
``` Career path Political identity Relationship status Spiritual beliefs Motivations and intelligence Sexual identity Hobbies and interests Personality Body image ```
67
Social conventional reasoning
Conventional rules established by social consensus such as hand raising
68
Moral reasoning
Ethical issues, rules of morality and justice
69
Moral identity
In group vs individual aspect of personality that is present when you have moral notions central to your life
70
Physical vs relational agree soon
Physical- physically harming | Relational- aggression not physical such as cyber bullying
71
3 Basic processes of moral behavior
Reinforcement Punishment Imitation
72
Social cognitive theory of moral behavior | What and who
Moral competence vs moral performance, the use of behaviors in specific situation Bandura
73
Freud: moral feeling
Psychoanalytic theory
74
Moral feeling: empathy
Empathy, reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response and wanting to do nice things for those who are down in the dumps
75
Moral personality 3 components
Moral identity Moral character Moral exemplars
76
Moral character
Standing by morals even when temptation arises
77
Moral exemplars
People who have led morally exemplary lives, but this is relative to opinion
78
5 Foundations of morality and politics | Who?
``` Harm Fairness Ingroup Authority Purity ``` Heidt and graham
79
Prosocial behavior
Equality, kindness, forgiveness, gratitude
80
T Or F | Ingroup security is separate from seriousness in moral behavior
True
81
Heteronomous morality
Justice/rules are considered Unchangeable
82
Piaget age of transition period
7-10
83
Autonomous morality
Rules are created by people able to consider consequences of actions 10+
84
Imminent justice
Concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will ensue immediately
85
What did Kohlberg use the Heinz dilemma for
To classify people during moral development
86
Ingroups
People that you relate to that change with setting
87
Antisocial behavior
Index offenses- criminal acts that are prosecuted by law | Status offenses- less serious offenses
88
Gilligan's 2 problems with Kohlberg
Asserts denial of justice perspective and care perspective | Emphasis on gender differences
89
Moral behavior in humans: behavioral economics Who? What did they find?
Dan Ariely Everyone cheats but just by a little bit Reminding people of morality causes them to act more moral Ingroups more likely to cheat Farther removed from object of worth, cheat more

Child Development (5 decks)

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