Exam 4 - Ruminants

Question 1

congenital oral masses

Answer 1

dentigerous cyst or hamartoma

Question 2

common bacteria in tooth root abscesses of sheep/camelids

Answer 2

trueperella pyogenes

Question 3

what is associated with a “barker calf”

Answer 3

calf diphtheria (fusobacterium necrophorum)

Question 4

bovine papular stomatitis virus

Answer 4

parapoxvirus
raised papules on hard palate, muzzle, oral mucosa, esophagus
young feedlot cattle
zoonotic
self-limiting

Question 5

vesicular stomatitis virus

Answer 5

rhabdovirus
ptyalism from oral ulcers, inappetance, weight loss
indistinguishable from FMD (reportable)
summer/fall, spread by midge

Question 6

contagious ecthyma (sore mouth/orf)

Answer 6

parapoxvirus
sheep/goats
self-limiting
zoonotic

Question 7

Most common underlying cause of choke

Answer 7

megaesophagus

Question 8

BVDV associated lesions

Answer 8

bloody diarrhea
lymphopenia/leukopenia
immunosuppressive - secondary bacterial infection
primary cattle

Question 9

blue tongue associated lesions

Answer 9

primary sheep
seasonal
no diarrhea

Question 10

malignant catarrhal fever associated lesions

Answer 10

individual NOT herd
no diarrhea
swollen LN
panophthalmitis

Question 11

common signs of BVDV, bluetongue and MCF

Answer 11

fever
epitheliotropic (mucocutaneous lesions)
lameness
oral ulcers
depression
anorexia

Question 12

primary rumen contractions

Answer 12

fermentation:
mix ingesta
stratification of rumen contents
sorts feed by particle size
abroad movement
enhances VFA absorption
enhances bacterial contact with feedstuff

Question 13

secondary rumen contractions

Answer 13

eructation

Question 14

left sided ping

Answer 14

LDA
rumen atony
pneumoperitoneum

Question 15

right sided ping

Answer 15

RDA or abomasal volvulus
ascending colon gas (spiral colon)
cecal volvulus or dilation
pneumoperitoneum
rectal gas

Question 16

4 functional causes of rumen bloat

Answer 16

1. complete esophageal obstruction (choke) - acute
2. partial esophageal obstruction - compression, restriction, neuromuscular - chronic
3. frothy gas bloat
4. failure to clear cardia (free gas bloat) - rumen weakness(hypocalcemia), rumen overfill, lateral recumbency, thoracic inflammation

Question 17

sequelae of traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Answer 17

pleuritis
pericarditis
reticulum wall abscess

Question 18

diagnostics for TRP

Answer 18

PE + observation
CBC - increased fibrinogen
abdominal exploratory

maybe - US, rads, abdominocentesis
whithers/scooch test - refuse to drop
sternal pressure/grunt test - arch more than normal

Question 19

if TRP escalates to traumatic reticulopericarditis clinical signs

Answer 19

“shaggy heart” - right sided heart failure (jugular distension, brisket edema, washing machine murmur)

Question 20

TRP treatment

Answer 20

give magnet
beta lactam abx
consider rumentomy
transfaunation with donor rumen fluid

Question 21

obstructive “vagal” indigestion syndrome signs

Answer 21

chronic progressive abdominal distension
gradual weight loss, body condition loss
decreased fecal volume
papple shape abdomen

Question 22

primary bacteria involved in rumen acidosis

Answer 22

streptococcus bovis

Question 23

complications of rumen acidosis

Answer 23

polioencephalomalacia
laminitis
liver abscess
caudal vena cava syndrome
aspiration pneumonia
poor weight gain
pulmonary abscess

Question 24

what is diagnostic of rumen acidosis

Answer 24

multiple cows rumen pH < 5.5

Question 25

abomasal ulcers risks in adults

Answer 25

high energy finely ground feed
fresh cows
LDA
cows in peak milk
close up dry cows
NSAIDs

Question 26

abomasal ulcers risks in calves

Answer 26

Cu def
trichobezoars
consuming sand or bedding
large volume milk

Question 27

C3 ulcers risks in camelids

Answer 27

stress
high grain diet
NSAIDs
concurrent disease
ileus

Question 28

ulcer treatments

Answer 28

diet change
kaopectate (coating agent)
ranitidine (H2 antagonist) or pantoprazole (H+ pump inhibitor)
NOT omeprazole (poor absorption due to rumen)
transfusion
aminocaprioic acid

Question 29

risks for LDA

Answer 29

hypocalcemia
high concentrate diet
low forage diet
finely ground feed
low rumen fill
concurrent illness/infection post-parturition

Question 30

bloodwork abnormalities with abomasal disease

Answer 30

hypochloremia
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis (high HCO3)
paradoxical aciduria

hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, increased Cr and plasma proteins, ketosis

Question 31

abx for clostridiosis

Answer 31

oral or parenteral penicillin

Question 32

abx for septicemia/toxemia

Answer 32

parenteral, bactericidal
ampicillin or ceftiofur

NO aminoglycosides (nephrotoxicity)
NO fluoroquinolones (legal restrictions)

Question 33

ETEC abx

Answer 33

oral ampicillin, amoxicillin, sulfonamide, trimethoprim-sulfa

Question 34

coccidiosis abx

Answer 34

oral sulfonamides - sulfadimethoxine

Question 35

endemic neonatal diarrhea

Answer 35

rotavirus
coronavirus
cryptosporidium
ETEC

Question 36

sporadic neonatal diarrhea

Answer 36

clostridium
salmonella
BVDV

Question 37

how to measure colostral ab in foals, crias

Answer 37

IgG
> 800 foals
> 1000 crias

Question 38

how to measure colostral ab in calves, lambs, kids

Answer 38

[total protein] > 5.5

Question 39

ostertagia/teladorsagia treatment

Answer 39

type I - any antihelmintic
type II - modern benzaimidazoles or macrocyclic lactone