Exam 6 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Gate control theory
A
opening the gate allows the transmission of pain sensation, and closing the gate blocks this transmission.
2
Q
endorphins
A
are endogenous, naturally occurring, opiate-like peptides that reduce or block the perception of pain.
3
Q
neuropathic
A
usually associated with a dysfunction of the nervous system—specifically, an abnormality in processing sensations.
sensitivity to stimuli
4
Q
peripherally generated pain
A
5
Q
transduction of pain
A
begins when tissue damage causes the release of substances that stimulate the nociceptors and start the sensation of pain
6
Q
transmission
A
begins when tissue damage causes the release of substances that stimulate the nociceptors and start the sensation of pain
7
Q
modulation of pain
A
occurs when neurons in the brain send signals back down the spinal cord by release of neurotransmitters.
8
Q
perception of pain
A
occurs when pain impulses reach the brain and the pain is recognized
9
Q
order of nociceptive pain
A
transduction
transmission
perception
modulation
10
Q
nociceptive pain
A
injury to tissue
11
Q
treatment for nociceptive pain
A
NSAIDs most prescribed- transduction
opioids-transmission
distraction & guided imagery- perception
block neurotransmitter uptake- modulation
12
Q
Treatment of neuropathic pain
A
NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids
13
Q
treatment of phantom pain
A
TENS unit in thalamus
14
Q
PQRST
A
precipitating events
quality of pain or discomfort
radiation of pain
severity of pain
timing
15
Q
What do you ask for P
A
do certain activities worsen your pain
precipitating events
16
Q
What do you ask for Q
A
what does the pain feel like
quality of pain or discomfort
17
Q
what do you ask for R
A
could you point to the area of pain
radiation of pain
18
Q
what do you ask for S
A
could you rate your pain on a scale of 0-10
severity of pain
19
Q
What do you ask for T
A
how often does you pain recur?
timing
20
Q
what pain assessment as been done on everyone when they are born
A
NIPS
21
Q
swelling reduction
A
ice for acute swelling
22
Q
REM
A
Rapid eye movement sleep
time in which you dream
high level of activity
HR, BP, respirations are similar to that when awake
lasts approx 20 min
23
Q
NREM
A
body receives the most rest
heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations decline.
24
Q
transition sleep
A
light sleep, the muscles relax
lasts a few minutes
25
Stage 2 sleep
deeper sleep. Brain wave activity becomes larger, with bursts of electrical activity. This stage lasts 10 to 20 minutes.
26
Delta sleep
slow-wave sleep, named for the high voltage slow brain waves that occur. Respirations and heart rate slow in this stage, and the body becomes immobile. This deep sleep stage lasts 20 to 40 minute
27
obstructive sleep apnea and cause
airway blocked at back of throat
most common
28
insomnia and cause
difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep at night
cause- high stress
29
narcolepsy and cause
sudden-onset, recurrent, uncontrollable, brief episodes of sleep during normal hours of wakefulness
no cure
usually begins around 25
no known cause
30
jet lag
sunlight exposure
31
central apnea
diaphragm and chest stops working
person awakens to resume breathing
deadly
32
mixed apnea
combo of central and obstructive
33
WHO definition of health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
34
Dorland Dictionary definition of health
a state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being; the popular idea that it is merely an absence of disease and infirmity is not complete
35
idiopathic
no known cause for
36
primary illness
develops without being caused by another health problem
37
secondary illness
results from or is caused by a primary illness
38
Dunn's theory of health
high-level wellness was first used by Dunn to signify the ideal state of health in every dimension of the human personality. Dunn does not consider high-level wellness to be the same as good health
39
transition stage of illness
may consist of vague, nonspecific symptoms
During this period, one may deny feeling ill but recognize that symptoms of an illness are present.
40
acceptance stage
occurs as the person stops denying illness and assumes a “sick role.”
41
convalescence stage
The process of recovering after the illness and regaining health.
42
Holistic approach
one that considers the person’s biologic, psychological, sociological, and spiritual aspects and needs.
43
Asian cultural considerations
Traditional health and illness beliefs
Use of traditional medicines
Traditional practitioners: Chinese physicians and herbalists
44
African American considerations
Traditional health and illness beliefs
Folk medicine tradition
Traditional healer: root worker
45
European Considerations
Primary reliance on modern health care system
Traditional health and illness beliefs
Some remaining folk medicine traditions
46
Homeostasis
a tendency of biological systems to maintain a stable internal environment by continually adjusting to changes needed for survival.
47
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response
48
parasympathetic nervous system
restore equilibrium
49
General Adaptation syndrome
occurs in response to long-term exposure to stress.
50
Local adaptation syndrome
body adapts to local stressors
51
alarm stage of GAS
hormone release mobilizes the body’s defenses. Nonspecific signs of illness such as a slight rise in temperature, a loss of energy, decreased appetite, and a general feeling of malaise occur.
52
stage of resistance og GAS
body is battling for equilibrium. If this stage is excessive or prolonged, the response becomes maladaptive and a pathologic condition occurs, which may be in the form of a stress-related disorder
53
stage exhaustion of GAS
the stressor is severe enough or is present over a long enough time to deplete the body’s resources for adaptation. Critical illness or death results
54
effects of stress
* Dry mouth
* Rapid pulse
* Rapid, shallow breathing
* Sweaty palms or generally increased perspiration
* Shakiness and tremors
* Increased blood pressure
* Frequent urination
* Muscle tension
* Inability to sit still; tapping fingers on table, pumping leg up and down
* Talking rapidly; stammering
* “Butterflies” in stomach
* Dizziness or feeling light-headed
* Confusion and forgetfulness
* Anxiety
* Irritability
* Labile moods
* Quickness to anger
* Depression
55
defense mechanisms
are strategies that protect us from increasing anxiety.
56
repression
The unconscious blocking of a wish or desire from conscious awareness.
57
denial
Escaping unpleasant, anxiety-causing thoughts by refusing to acknowledge their existence. There is a persistent refusal to be swayed by evidence.
58
displacement
Discharging intense feelings for one person onto another object or person who is less threatening, thereby satisfying an impulse with a substitute object.
59
projection
Attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to someone else (blaming or scapegoating).
60
sublimation
Rechanneling an impulse into a more socially desirable object.
61
rationalization
Unconsciously falsifying an experience by giving a contrived, socially acceptable, and logical explanation to justify an unpleasant experience or questionable behavior.
62
primary health promotion behaviors
avoids or delays occurrence of a specific disease or disorder.
63
secondary primary health promotion behaviors
consists of following guidelines for screening for diseases that are easily treated if found early or for detecting return of a disease
64
tertiary prevention health promotion behaviors
consists of rehabilitation measures after the disease or disorder has stabilized.
65
Factors Affecting Hygiene
economics, ability to perform self-care, and personal preference
sociocultural
66
African American shampoo preferences
washed every 7 to 14 days.
hair should be combed while wet. A leave-in type of conditioner should be used daily.
67
Major risk factors of skin and pressure injuries
age
weight- overweight, underweight
physical ability to move
comorbidity
lines/drains
incontinence of urine/BM
68
dark skin assessment
use natural light or a halogen lamp to look for skin color changes. Pressure areas may have purple hues. Compare the skin around bony prominences with skin over the prominences. Damaged skin may be boggy or stiff, or warmer or cooler. Moistening the skin can assist in identifying changes in color.
69
pressure points for pressure injury risk
occiput
dorsal thoracic area
ilium
trochanter
malleolus
ischial tuberosity
sacrum & coccyx
70
Stage 1 pressure injury
intact skin that is red, deep pink or mottled skin
does not blanch
warmth, edema, hardness
71
Stage 2
partial thickness skin loss
wound bed is pink or red and moist
may appear as intact or rupture blister
72
Stage 3
full thickness skin loss
looks like deep crater and may extend to the fascia
fat is visible
necrotic
Undermining and tunneling may be present
73
Stage 4
full thickness skin loss
extensive necrosis or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures
infection usually widespread
dry and black, eschar, wet and oozing
74
unstageable
loss of full thickness of tissue
base covered by eschar or slough
75
Deep tissue
localized discolored intact skin
maroon/ purple or blood-filled blister
76
eschar
Slough produced by a thermal burn, corrosive material, or gangrene.
77
therapeutic bath
performed to achieve a desired effect.
means having healing or medicinal qualities
78
hair care
consists of brushing and combing, shampooing, shaving, and mustache and beard care
79
dentures
must be cleaned at least twice a day to maintain oral hygiene and promote oral health.
80
How to cut nails
Cut toenails straight across and then smooth the corners.
81
removal or contact lenses
Cup your nondominant hand below the patient’s eye. Move the lens directly over the cornea. Pull the upper eyelid up above the edge of the lens; pull the lower lid down to the lower edge of the lens. Press slightly on the lower lid at the edge of the lens; the lens should slide out between the eyelids.
82
shaving contraindications
a low platelet count, is receiving an anticoagulant, is undergoing chemotherapy, or is on aspirin therapy.
83
blanch
To turn skin white or, on darker skin, to become pale.
84
etiology
Study of the cause of disease; origin.
85
functions of mucous membranes
line cavities
made up of epithelial tissue
protect against bacterial invasion
secrete mucus
absorb fluids and electrolytes
86
bathing four purposes
cleanse the skin
promote comfort
stimulate circulation
remove waste products secreted through the skin
87
Exacerbation
Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms.
88
Halitosis
bad breath
89
health literacy
The ability to obtain, process, and understand information related to health and illness.
90
hemiparesis
Muscular weakness or partial paralysis affecting one side of the body.
91
hemiplegia
One-sided paralysis.
92
Holistic
Approach to health care that considers the biologic, psychological, sociologic, and spiritual aspects and needs of the person.
93
Maceration
The softening of tissue that increases the chance of trauma or infection.
