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Exam 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

resp changes with age

A

decreased elasticity of thorax and resp muscles
decrease total body water, drier mucous membranes
loss of elastic recoil during exhalation
thickening of alveolar membrane
less efficient gas exchange
less resp reserve

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2
Q

hypoxemia

A

low oxygen in the blood

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3
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased oxygen at the cellular level

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4
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased levels of carbon dioxide

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5
Q

anoxia

A

without oxygen

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6
Q

early signs of hypoxia

A

sits up to breathe
complains “I can’t catch my breath”
memory laps
mental dullness
restlessness
increased BP, pulse, respirations
anxiety
irritability

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7
Q

Late signs of hypoxia

A

decreased BP
decreased pulse
arrhythmia
use of accessory muscles
stridor
cyanosis
muscle retractions

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8
Q

things that inhibit pulse ox accuracy

A

nail polish
sensor misplacement
cyanosis
cold fingertips
reduced peripheral pulses
ambient light
anemia

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9
Q

effective cough and clear secretions

A

takes two deep breaths, inhales deeply again, then rapidly, and forcefully exhales with their mouth open

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10
Q

How to deep breathe

A

splint incision with pillow
inhale through nose and hold for 3-5 sec
exhale through pursed lips
repeat 4x
take 5-10 deep breaths every 2hr while awake

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11
Q

how to effective cough

A

deep breath through nose and hold for 3-5 sec
exhale through pursed lips
take another deep breath and in short segments forcibly exhale with mouth open
perform 3x or until secretions have cleared
q2hr while awake

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12
Q

where do we percuss

A

over the thoracic area

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13
Q

How to perform the Heimlich

A

stand behind person and place arms around waist
make fist with 1 hand and place other hand over fist
place hands above umbilicus and below sternum with thumb of fist inward
use upward rotating motion of fist forcefully thrust hands into abdomen at upward angle
repeat till dislodged

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14
Q

oxygen

A

colorless, tasteless, odorless gas present in air

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15
Q

what should suction be at for suctioning

A

80-120

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16
Q

when do you deflate cuff for trach

A

perform pharyngeal suctioning before deflating the cuff

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17
Q

what is a nebulizer treatment

A

med changed from liquid to mist for easy absorption through lung tissue

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18
Q

why nebulizer treatment

A

Having difficulty bringing up mucus secretions

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19
Q

low concentration O2 delivery devices

A

nasal canula 1-6L

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20
Q

low to medium O2 concentration

A

simple face mask 6-12L

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21
Q

highest concentration of O2

A

non-rebreather mask 15L

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22
Q

how to obtain a coughed sputum specimen

A

rinse mouth with water
open sputum cup
take several deep breaths and forcefully cough
repeat until about 1/2 teaspoon
place lid on container
cleanse mouth
send to lab

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23
Q

atrophy

A

loss of muscle
can happen faster in older adults

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24
Q

hypostatic pneumonia

A

stasis of secretions due to inactivity

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25
prevention of physical complications of immobilization
increase fluids adequate nutritional intake increase fiber admin stool softener passive/ active ROM exercises isometric exercises turn q2hr keep skin clean, dry and use pressure-relief devices diversionary activities
26
isometric exercises
exercises performed against resistance
27
4 types of immobilization
splints casts external fixators traction
28
splints
hinder one way movement Don't allow it to bend in one direction protects injured body part by limiting movement
29
bucks traction
weight putting direct downward pressure pressure in one direction
30
head Holter traction
pulls neck upward to elongate your neck gives disks in neck rest
31
types of traction
skin manual skeletal
32
skin traction
use with apparatus around it
33
skeletal
hardware and pierces skin
34
skin traction
Velcro
35
thermoplastic material for cast
has to use a heat gun
36
compartment syndrome
cast is cutting off blood flow
37
drying of cast
protect against uneven pressure to not change shape drying time 7-20 min, hard enough for durability in 30 min
38
external fixators
pins, screws, tongs on the outside of the body might go all the way through
39
what is expected drainage from a pin on external fixators
clear
40
beds most used in hospitals
Automated low-air-loss beds
41
continuous lateral-rotation beds
bed turns in an arc up to 80 degrees and can be set to pause on either side for up to 30 min
42
triangular sling
Keep at the level of the heart
43
how many crutch gates are there
4 types
44
rehabilitation for immobilization
getting as much movement back
45
cardiovascular effects on immobility
venous stasis increased cardiac workload blood pressure alterations thrombus formation thrombophlebitis orthostatic hypotension increased pulse
46
respiratory effects on immobility
stasis of secretions decreased elastic recoil decreased vital capacity hypostatic pneumonia bacterial pneumonia atelectasis decreased gas exchange
47
gastrointestinal tract effects on immobility
anorexia metabolic change to catabolism and negative nitrogen balance decreased peristalsis weight loss protein deficiency abdominal distention constipation
48
musculoskeletal effects on immobility
decreased muscle mass and muscle tension shortening of muscle loss of calcium from bone matrix decrease in bone weight fibrosis of connective tissue atrophy weakness joint contracture osteoporosis bone pain
49
urinary system effects on immobility
stasis of urine UTI kidney stones precipitation of calcium salts urinary frequency dysuria
50
skin effects on immobility
decreased circulation from pressure ischemia and necrosis of tissue skin breakdown pressure injuries
51
brain/psychological effects on immobility
decreased mental activity, sensory input, socialization, independence disorientation confusion boredom anxiety depression loneliness
52
older adults effects on immobility
compromises resp and circulatory systems anorexia
53
How to treat anorexia in older adults
frequent small feedings and bedtime nourishments Have your favorite foods brought in
54
moleskin
thick, durable form of adhesive material used to keep the cast from rubbing on the skin
55
continuous passive motion machine
The machine extends and flexes the extremity to prescribed angles for a specific period
56
fracture and cast care
keep cast elevated above heart call provider if finger/toes become numb or fever develops perform regular exercises if becomes loose or slides notify provider do not get a plaster cast wet do no insert objects into do not bear weight unless provider says you can
57
circular turn bandage
used to anchor bandage and terminate wrap just roll it around what needs to be wrapped
58
spiral turn bandage
spiral turn partly overlaps previous turn
59
spiral reverse turn
secure bandage with circular turns, bring bandage upward at a 30 degree angle than place thumb on upper edge of bandage to hold in place while it is reversed on itself
60
figure-of-eight turn
used to bandage and stabilize the elbow, knee, or ankle
61
recurrent turn
used to cover distal parts of the body such as stump from amputation
62
thumb spica
used to support the thumb in a neutral position
63
4 point gate with crutches
1. Advance left crutch. 2. Advance right foot. 3. Advance right crutch. 4. Advance left foot.
64
3 point gate with crutches
1. Advance both crutches forward with the affected leg and shift weight to crutches. 2. Advance unaffected leg and shift weight onto it.
65
advantages of 3 point gate with crutches
Allows the affected leg to be partially or completely free of weight-bearing.
66
3 point gate with crutches requirement
Full weight-bearing on one leg, balance, and upper body strength
67
2 point gate with crutches
1. Advance left crutch and right foot. 2. Advance right crutch and left foot.
68
advantages of 2 point gate with crutches
Faster version of the four-point gait, more normal walking pattern (arms and legs moving in opposition).
69
2 point gate with crutches requirement
Partial weight-bearing on both legs, balance.
70
swing-through gait with crutches
1. Move both crutches forward. 2. Move both legs forward, beyond, or even with crutches. Or may keep weight on good foot and move other foot forward and then move good foot forward.
71
paraplegics
without use of legs
72
quariplegics
without the use of both arms and legs
73
bivalved
cut in half lengthwise

Foundations (10 decks)

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