EXAM Covering Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Paradigm
A
is a set of shared assumptions that includes what the theory is about and how to test the hypotheses
2
Q
Biopsychosocial model
A
biological, psychological, social contributions
3
Q
Id
A
present at birth, biological drives
4
Q
Ego
A
part of brain that must deal with realities of the world, while trying to fulfill id impulses
5
Q
Super ego
A
equivalent to your conscience, societal standards of behavior
6
Q
Defense mechanisms
A
unconscious self deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety
7
Q
Classical conditioning
A
is learning through associations (Pavlov)
8
Q
Extinction
A
stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned response
9
Q
Operant Learning
A
behavior is a function of consequences (Skinner)
10
Q
Systems theory
A
embraces the importance of multiple contributions to causality but also their interdependence
11
Q
Reductionism
A
attempts to understand problems by focusing on smaller and smaller units, suggesting that the smallest account is the true cause
12
Q
Equifinality
A
many paths to the same destination
13
Q
Diathesis
A
predisposition towards developing a disorder
14
Q
Stress
A
a difficult experience
15
Q
Developmental Psychopathology
A
emphasizes change over time
16
Q
Premorbid history
A
a pattern of behavior the precedes the onset of the disorder
17
Q
Prognosis
A
a disorder having a predictable course
18
Q
Correlational study
A
the relation between two factors
19
Q
Correlation coefficient
A
between -1, 1, and shows how strongly the two factors are related
20
Q
Reverse causality
A
causation could be operating in the opposite direction
21
Q
Third variable
A
a correlation between two variables might be explained by a 3rd unmeasured factor
22
Q
Neurons
A
basic building blocks of the brain
23
Q
Synapse
A
a small gap filled with fluid where the axon terminal is separated from other cells
24
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
released into the synapse and are received by receptors
25
Receptors
receive neurotransmitters and are located on the dendrites or soma of another neuron
26
Reuptake
captures some neurotransmitters in the snaps and returns the chemical substances to the axon terminal
27
Dualism
the mistaken view that the mind and body are somehow separable
28
Limbic system
Where the forebrain is linked with the mid brain and hindbrain, and is made up of several structures that regulate emotion and learning
29
Hypothalamus
controls basic biological urges such as eating drinking and sexual urges (The Four F's Food, Fight, Flight, F***)
30
Cerebral hemispheres
what most of the forebrain is composed of, and are divided up into the left and the right cerebral hemispheres
31
Lateralized
one hemisphere serves as a specialized role in the site of specific cognitive and emotional activities.
32
Ventricles
four connected chambers, filled with cerebral spinal fluid
33
Cerebral cortex
is the uneven surface area of the forebrain, just under the skull, and controls integration of sophisticated memory, sensory, and motor functions
34
Psychophysiology
changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences
35
Endocrine system
a collection of glands found at various locations throughout the body
36
Hormones
chemical substance that affect the functioning of distant body systems and sometimes neuromodulators. Released by the Endocrine glands.
37
Autonomic nervous system
regulates functions of various body organs
38
Genes
are ultramicroscopic units of DNA that cary information about heredity
39
chromosomes
chainlike structures contained in the nucleus of cells
40
Behavior genetics
genetic influences on normal and abnormal behavior
41
Genotype
actual GENETIC structure
42
Phenotype
the PHYSICAL appearance of the genotype
43
Polygenic
disorders that are influenced by multiple genes and the environment
44
Probands
index cases
45
Monozygotic twins
Identical, ONE egg (mono)
46
Dizygotic
Fraternal, TWO eggs (di)
47
Concordance rates
a twin pair is concordant when both twins either have the same disorder of both don't have it
48
Shared environment
experiences that the twins have in common
49
Non shared environment
experiences unique to one of the twins
50
Gene-environment interaction
genetic predispositions and environmental factors combining to create more than their separate influences
51
Attachments
selective bonds with their care givers
52
Dominance
the hierarchical ordering of social group into more and less privileged
53
Temperament
characteristic styles relating to the world. "OCEAN", openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
54
Emotions
internal feeling or states
55
Modeling
learning through imitation
56
Attributions
are perceived causes, peoples beliefs about cause effect relations
57
Identity
integrated sense of self
58
Self control
internal rules for guiding behavior
59
Developmental stages
periods of time marked by age/or social tasks during which children or adults face common social and emotional challenges
60
Social support
the emotional and practical support received from others
61
Gender roles
the expectations regarding appropriate behavior of males and females
62
Psychotherapy
The use of psychological techniques and therapist client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change
63
Psychopharmacology
The use of medication to treat psychological disturbances
64
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
inducing seizures by passing electricity through the brain, used to treat severe depression
65
Psychoanalysis
Freud's therapy where he would have the patient talk freely about whatever crossed their minds
66
Insight
formerly unconscious material brought into conscious awareness
67
Interpretations
the analyst's main tool for promoting insight, usually relate to past experiences with loved ones
68
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
more engaged than psychotherapy and directive, and treatment is much shorter
69
Interpersonal therapy (ITP)
focuses on changing emotions and styles of interacting with close relationships
70
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
research based technique to help troubled people find new ways of thinking
71
Systematic desensitization
a technique of eliminating fears
72
Cognitive therapy
treatment for depression based on the belief that depressed people have gray colored lenses
73
Humanistic psychotherapy
belief in that humans have choices and we create out own futures
74
Client-centered therapy
focuses on the therapy relationship
75
Therapeutic alliance
a bond between client and therapist that is crucial for therapy to work
76
Meta-analysis
a statistical procedure that allow researchers to combine results from different studies in a standardized way
77
Placebo effect
the powerful healing effect produced by inert treatments
78
Couple therapy
involves intimate partners in therapy together
79
Family therapy
family members being treated, designed to improve communication
80
Group therapy
several people facing similar emotional problems or life issues
81
Assessment
the process of gathering information
82
Diagnosis
identification or recognitions of a disorder on the basis of its symptoms
83
Classification system
is used to divide or organize a set of objects
84
Categorical approach to classification
assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative
85
Dimensional approach to classification
the objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions (like how much the characteristic of that object exhibit)
86
Stigma
Stamp or label that sets a person apart from others
87
Cultural concepts of distress
patterns of erratic or unusual thinking and behavior that have bene identified in diverse societies around the world and do not easily fit into the other diagnostic categories that are listed in the DSM 5 (unique to specific societies)
88
Reliability
refers to the consistency of measurements
89
Validity
meaning or importance of measurement
90
Etiological validity
concerned with factors that cause or contribute to the onset of a disorder
91
Comorbidity
The simultaneous appearance of two or more disorders in the same person
92
Rating scale
in which the observer is asked to make judgments that place the person along a dimension
93
Reactivity
people may alter their behavior when they know they are being watched. (intentionally, or unintentionally)
94
Personality inventories
straightforward statement the subject has to indicate if it is true or false
95
Actuarial interpretation
analyzing results of a specific test on the basis of an explicit set of rules that are derived from empirical research
96
Projective tests
the person is presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to project a story onto it
97
Psychopathology
the symptoms and signs of mental disorders, including such phenomena as depressed mood, panic attacks, and bizarre beliefs
98
Abnormal psychology
is the application of psychological science to the study off mental disorders
99
Psychosis
several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is considered t be out of contact with reality
100
Syndrome
A group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder
101
Harmful disfunction
1) the inability to perform psychical or mental natural functions
2) condition causes harm to the person as judged by the persons culture
102
Culture
the values, beliefs, and ideas shared with a specific community or group of people
103
Epidemiology
the scientific study of frequency and distribution of disorders in an environment
104
Incidence
refers to the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time
105
Prevalence
refers to the total number of active cases, both old and new
106
Comorbidity
The presence of more than one condition within the same period of time
107
Psychiatry
Medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders
108
Clinical psychology
concerned with the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders
109
Social work
concerned with helping people to achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning
110
Case study
an in-depth look at the symptoms and circumstances surrounding one person's mental disturbance
