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ecology and evolution > exam four > Flashcards

exam four Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the carbon dioxide concentration in the air?

A

0.0419%

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2
Q

120, 60, 60

A

120 is the amount of carbon dioxide that is assimilated by land plants
60 is amount plants respire into atmosphere
60 is emitted from the soil into atmosphere

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3
Q

what are the two major sources of carbon dioxide into atmosphere (increase)

A

fossil fuels and deforestation

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4
Q

when the sun is up the leaves photosynthesize which cause them to ____. their carbon dioxide intake

A

increase

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5
Q

as light intensity gets _____, carbon dioxide increases

A

lower

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6
Q

at the floor of the forest the co2 concentration is the ____

A

highest

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7
Q

CO2 is ____ in the atmosphere across the world

A

homogenous (more or less the same everywhere)

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8
Q

what is the atmospheric concentration of nitrogen (N2)

A

78%

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9
Q

most of the nitrogen is in the ____ of the earth

A

lower and upper mantel

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10
Q

Factories turn atmospheric nitrogen into _____ for farmers in crops and animals

A

fertilizer

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11
Q

Lightening can form N2 into _____ and it gets into the water

A

nitrate

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12
Q

Legumes can fix ____ and turn it into ammonium

A

nitrogen

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13
Q

the conversion of N2 into ammonium and nitrate by bacteria is called (2 types)

A

biological nitrogen fixation

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14
Q

what bacteria does symbiotic N2 fixation

A

rhizobia

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15
Q

____ have a mutualistic relationship with N2 fixing bacteria

A

legumes

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16
Q

what legumes have mutualistic relationship

A

peanuts, clover, peas, soy bean, coffee tree, black locust

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17
Q

white clover contains nodules which have _____ in them that are converting N2

A

bacteria

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18
Q

nonleguminous plants that have N2 fixing ability

A

black alder (play important role in late succession species ; enrich soil with nitrogen)

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19
Q

water fern is another example of ____ fixing plant (helps in rice fields; commensalism; water fern not affected)

A

nitrogen

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20
Q

non-symbitoic N2 fixation is done by

A

free living bacteria in the soil & cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems

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21
Q

nitrification (NH4-NO3; two steps) can only occur by ____ condition

A

aerobic

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22
Q

denitrification (no3 to n2) requires ____ condition

A

anaerobic

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23
Q

(wetland conditions) Nitrate is very _____

A

mobile (this allows it to go under aerobic layer to anaerobic layer)

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24
Q

in soil pH > 7 a process called ammonium ____ occurs (NH4 —> NH3)

A

volatilization

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25
biomass burning and land clearing/animals (cow poop) both cause a lot of _____ into atmosphere or ground water
nitrogen
26
Why is nitrogen deposition high in indiana?
more agriculture, more nitrogen in the ground.
27
nitrate is more or less mobile than ammonium
more (maybe the most mobile; nitrate will rise in concentration first)
28
average composition of oxygen in atmosphere
20.95%
29
two types of oxygen in atmosphere
o2, o3
30
what are the two ways o2 is added in atmosphere
dissociation of h20 and photosynthesis
31
o2 is produced in first step of photosynthesis which is called
photolysis (splits water)
32
glucose is made from what two products
CO2 and H2O
33
Oxygen concentration and carbon conc. has been ____
variable
34
cause smog and can be damaging (ozone)
pollutant
35
can prevent excessiev UV light from reaching earths surface (ozone)
acting as sunscreen
36
any ozone in troposphere is ____ but ___ in stratosphere
bad; good
37
UV light splits O2 and those Oxygen molecules can interact with another to make ____ (happens in stratosphere)
03
38
three chemicals which destroy ozone in atmosphere
chlorofluorocarbons, N2O, methane (green house gases)
39
A chlorine molecule in contact with UV radiation breaks off and colides with __ to make O2 (then the Cl is freed when a free oxygen kicks it off)
O3
40
both nitrous oxide and nitric oxide can destroy ____
ozone
41
Ozone is measured in two units, what are they?
DU, nb
42
43
in an ozone hole the O3 concentration has decreased to < ____ DU
220
44
temperature differs the most when it comes to ____ of location
latitude
45
the most variable factor when changing altitude is ____
temperature
46
when you go up in elevation the temp will ____
decrease
47
coniferous trees are found at ____ elevation in rocky mountains
higher
48
vegetation types in the rocky mountains ____ based off elevation
vary
49
what environmental factor will change the most when you move across a continent
moisture
49
____ and _____ determine type of vegetation zonation and animals present
temperature and moisture
50
major regional ecological community of plants and animals
biome
51
what is the major forest community in indiana?
temperate; oak hickory and beech maple (beech maple is the best answer)
52
when temperature and precipitation are very high what is the vegetation?
tropical rainforest
53
when temp is low and preci. low
tundra
54
temp is high, precipitation is low
desert
55
merriam life zones are based on
temperature
56
what are the three merriam regions in north america
boreal, austreal, and tropical
57
hardiness zone is based on _____ over 30 years
temperature
58
holdridge life zone is based off
average biotemp. and precipitation
59
evaporation + transpiration = PET (evapotranspiration; amount of water in atmosphere. what can PET tell us?
whether an area will become dry or wet PET=1 means no change PET>1 means area will get drier
60
major ecosystems that result from predic. patters influenced by latitude, global position, and altitude
ecoregions
61
what is the largest category of ecoregions
domains (4 in north america)
62
biogeographical regions are distributed by
terrestrial animals (world is divided into 6)
63
house sparrow is a very adaptable bird species and is found _____
everywhere
64
north america is _____
nearctic
65
When CO2 increases, theoretically _____ rate should also increase (because co2 is a substrate of this reaction)
photosynthetic
66
photosynthetic rate is measured in the field by a _____ which looks at co2
machine
67
what is the response ratio of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic rate, what were the findings of CO2 being doubled compared to ambient CO2
doubled CO2/ ambient CO2. there is a 44% increase in photosynthetic rate when CO2 is doubled
68
the higher level of photo rate in correlation with elevated co2 is called
fertilization effect of elevated CO2
69
what environmental factors affect photo. rate
water, soil nutrient level, ozone
70
under drought stress plants will grow more or less with ambient CO2 compared to elevated CO2
less
71
low soil nutrient level will affect the plant so that elevated co2 will or will not make a difference
will not
72
a higher level of ozone negatively affect plant growth where?
root system (underground)
73
The CO2 increase makes ozone affect less or more serious
less
74
The CO2 elevation allows plants to allocate more resources to fight the negative affects from _____ and ____
ozone, water
75
which functional group will respond more photosynthetically to elevated co2? C3 or C4
C3
76
C4 plants do well under CO2 duress, ___ have higher CO2 compensation point
C3
77
which functional group will respond more photosynthetically to elevated CO2? leguminous or non-leguminous
leguminous (because they have nitrogen fixing bacteria)
78
how sustainable is effect of elevated co2 on photosynthesis on an individual level
as co2 increase, photosyn. rate will increase and then plateau
79
how sustainable is effect of elevated co2 on photosynthesis on a community or ecosystem level
the photo. rate will increase and then plateau (same on individual level as community level)
79
any chnage in plant respiration of carbon has larger affects than ____ ____ burning
fossil fuel
80
Respiration associated with synthesis of new materials.
growth respiration
80
– Respiration associated with maintenance of existing materials.
Maintenance respiration
80
very high concentration of co2 can ____ enzymes (such as decomposition) ; this is. a direct response
inhibit
81
very high co2 can be bad though because it can possibly inhibit _____ enzymes
respiratory
81
elevated co2 affects leaf chemistry which is a ____ response
indirect
81
# what is the relationship between leaf carbohydrates/ starch and elevated CO2
there is a higher level of starch with elevated c02
81
why respiration might be higher at 2x co2
respiration could be regulated by need for respiration or supply of substrates for photosynthesis (CO2) or higher number of mitochondria
82
# what is the relationship between leaf nitrogen and elevated co2
elevated co2 will decrease leaf nitrogen concentration (nitrogen is directly related to protein)
83
water use effeciency in plants will be higher with elevated co2, why?
they can afford to close their stomata more and not lose as much water
84
nutrient use efficiency is the _____ of the amount of nutrient
opposite/ reciprocal
85
elevated co2 will increase total plant _____ or biomass
product (plants will grow bigger)
86
crop quality and elevated co2
protein level like nitrogen will drop so crop quality will drop (legumes are least affected)
87
global temperature is rising why?
4 greenhouse gases are rising (N02, CO2, methane, CCl3)
88
the concentration of O2 and CO2 have been ____ in the history
variant
89
when CO2 goes down, 02 goes ____
up
90
CO2 has never exceeded __ ppm until now
300

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