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ecology and evolution > exam two > Flashcards

exam two Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three groups animals can be classified as based off way to regulate body temperature

A

homeotherm, poikilotherms, heterotherms

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2
Q

maintain constant internal temperature, regardless of external temperature

A

homeotherm

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3
Q

allow body temperatures to fluctuate with ambient temperature

A

poikilotherms

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4
Q

sometimes regulate body temperature and sometimes do not

A

heterotherms

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5
Q

what is the temperature coefficient

A

Q10

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6
Q

what is the factorial increase in metabolism over each 10°C increment of temperature

A

Q10; temp coeff.

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7
Q

what is the formula for Q10

A

RT/RT-10 (RT= metabolic rate at temp. T)

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8
Q

The Q10 does not apply to _____

A

homeotherms

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9
Q

if the metabolic rate is higher at a higher temperature than than Q10 is less than or greater than 1

A

greater than

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10
Q

what are three adaptations animals can have in response to temperature

A

avoidance(shelter), color/morphology, evaporative cooling

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11
Q

movement of a solvent through a semi permeable membrane into solution of higher concentration

A

osmosis

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12
Q

when cells are more dilute than surrounding environment (must inhibit water loss by osmosis)

A

hypoosmotic (hypotonic)

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13
Q

cells have same concentration as surrounding environment (do nothing to maintain osmotic balance)

A

isoosmotic (isotonic)

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14
Q

cells are more concentrated than surrounding environment (must prevent excessive water inflow)

A

hyperosmotic

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15
Q

the breakdown of chemical bonds formed during the construction of plant and animal tissues

A

decomposition

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16
Q

protozoa and nematodes

A

microfauna

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17
Q

bacteria and fungi

A

microflora

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18
Q

mites

A

mesofauna

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19
Q

termites

A

macrofauna

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20
Q

milipedes, earthworms, snails

A

megafauna

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21
Q

_______ are important decomposers because of their large numbers

A

microflora

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22
Q

dominant composers of dead animal matter

A

bacteria

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23
Q

major decomposers of dead plant matter

A

fungi

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24
Q

loss of soluble sugars and other dissolvable compounds (decomposing step one)

A

leaching

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25
reduction of organic matter into smaller particles (Step two)
fragmentation
26
transformation of organic particles into inorganic forms (step 3)
mineralization
27
what is the soil region immediately surrounding the roots
rhizophere
28
what are the two ways soil is microbially active
root sloughing and root exudates
29
microorganisms prefer ______ molecules
simple
30
glucose, sucrose, cellulose, lignin goes simple to complex or complex to simple
simple to complex
31
faster decomposition and more microbial activity is due to _______ temp.
higher
32
any condition that favors microbrial activity _____ decomp.
favors
33
a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at the same time
population
34
what 4 things are populations characterized by
density, age structure, birth and death rate
35
a __ organism has a predictable amd determinate life
unitary
36
most plants are ____ organsims
modular
37
the number of individuals per unit area
crude density
38
density measured in terms of the amount of area available as living space
ecological density
39
position of each individual is independent of the others
random dispersion
40
individuals evenly distributed. also called uniform (lawns)
spaced dispersion
41
individuals are distributed in patches (humans)
clumped dispersion
42
the movement of an individual out of one habitat and into another
emigration
43
the movement of an individual into one habitat from another
immigration
44
the ratio of sexes at conception
primary sex ratio
45
the ratio of sexes at birth
secondary sex ratio
46
number of birth per 1000
crude birth rate
47
maximum possible number of births per female under ideal conditions
physiological natality
48
rate or number of deaths
mortality
49
following a cohort of individuals until all are dead
horizontal life table
50
constructed by pooling several horizontal life tables
dynamic-composite life table
51
constructed by sampling individuals of different ages during a single time period
vertical life table
52
ratio of deaths to the number alive at the beginning of a period
death rate
53
the number of breeding individuals that will be produced by each breeding individual in a pop.
net reproductive rate (Ro)
54
Ro > 1
population growing in size
55
for survivorship curve, survivors are plotted on ____ axis
y
56
growth by populations in which generations do not overlap
geometric growth
57
growth by populations in which generations do overlap
exponential growth
58
two reasons exponential growth cannot continue forever
deterioration of environment, limited resources
59
logistic population growth has _ shaped curve called _
S, sigmoidal
60
when number of population is at ___ of carrying capacity it will be growing at ___ rate
1/2, fastest
61
bisexual plants are called
hermaphrodites
62
seperate male and female parts
dioecious
63
______ hermaphrodites have seperate male and female flowers on same stem
monoecious
64
outcrossing instead of self fertilization benefit?
increases genetic variation
65
seeds are exposed during development
gymnosperm
66
sequential hermaphrodite are _____ _____ at different stages
different sexes (jack=in-the-pulpit)
67
competiton among individuals of the same gender for the oppurtunity to mate
intraexual selection
68
_____ invest more in reproduction
females
69
able to move at or shortly after birth
precocial
70
born helpless, naked and often blind
altricial
71
a megapode is _____ unlike most birds
precocial
72
invest all their energy in growth, development and energy store for most of their lives, expand all energy in one massive suicidal reproductive effort
semelparous (corn, moths, salmon)
73
produce few younger at one time and repeat reproduction throughout lifetime
iteroparous
74
sex ratio will become skewed to ____ expensive sex
less
75
small, high reproductive rates, live short lives
r-species
76
large, low reproductive rates, live long
k-species
77
two competing species with identical ecological requirements cannot occupy same area
competitive exclusion principle
78
if two species co exist they must possess ecological differences
corollary
79
the production and release of chemical substances by plant species that inhibit the growth of other plant species
allelopathy
80
the fundamental role of the organism in the communty - what it does, its relation to its food and enemies
niche
81
the conditions under which an organism actually exists
realized niche
82
contraction od habitat resulting from competition
niche compression
83
niche expansion in result to reduced interspecific competition
ecological release
84
adoption of changed behavioral and feeding patterns by two or more competing populations to reduce interspecific competition
niche shift

ecology and evolution (5 decks)

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