exam four; pt. two Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
the ____ sparrow is considered invasive in north america
A
house
2
Q
higher PET, the number of _____ richness increases
A
species
3
Q
indiana has how many endemic (unique) to indiana
A
0
4
Q
the states with more endemic species have more ____; resulting from different topography within the state
A
microniches
5
Q
the penstemon deamii may be endemic to indiana
A
6
Q
____ covers 25% of earths land surface; there are two types
A
grassland; tropical and temperate
7
Q
high evaporation,
severe droughts (periodically)
rolling - to - flat terrain
fires are needed to maintain grasslands
dominate animals are grazing and burrowing (bison and prairie dog)
A
4 common charac. of grasslands
8
Q
if there is no fire in the grassland what happens
A
overgrowth of trees
9
Q
what are the two grass forms of grassland
A
sod and bunch grass
10
Q
examples of c4 grass species are
A
corn, sugar cane
11
Q
c3 grasses species are
A
wheat and rice
12
Q
a family can have C3 or C4 members; true or false?
A
true
13
Q
plant family with most species
A
orchid
14
Q
plant family with the most individuals
A
grasses
15
Q
big bluestem grass is significant because
A
it grows tall
16
Q
common forbs in grasslands
A
goldenrod, sweet cone flower, purple cone flower, prairie blazing star
17
Q
more biomass in soil than above ground in ____; because of ___
A
grassland; fires
18
Q
when temp increases, productivity of grassland _____
A
decreases (bc of dry soil)
19
Q
high temp cause forest productivity to _____
A
increase (forests have deep roots; so dry temp. does not affect them)
20
Q
most of the tropical savannas are in ___
A
africa
21
Q
a tropical grassland with scattered trees or shrubs
A
savanna
22
Q
what biome?
- low soil nitrogen
- extreme fluctuation of precipitation
- not a lot of trees (vertical structure)
- great diversity of hoofed animals (ungulates)
- dominate herbivores: invertebrates (termites, grasshoppers)
A
savanna
23
Q
common animals in grassland
A
african elephant, hyena, warthog, ostrich
24
Q
common charac. of shrubland
A
- wet winter season; dry summers
- chapralls in california (evergreen)
- chapralls at foot of rocky (deciduous; no chamise)
25
chapralls in california are
highly flammable, fire dependent and autosuccessive
26
autosucsession
plant species will be replaced by themselves
27
where are shrublands located
coastal california, mediterannian, australia, northern africa, southern europe
28
two types of deserts
arid and semiarid
29
there is a lot of ____ in australia
iron
30
two semiarid deserts
gobi and the great basin
31
two arid deserts
australian desert and sahara
32
plants are adapted to desert by ___ ____ or ____ _____
drought evasion; drought resistance
33
# drought evasion or draught resistance?
active growth only when there is water (geophytee or hemicryophytes)
drought evasion
34
# drought resistance or drought evasion?
mostly evergreen which are deep rotted (perennials)
drought resistance
35
plants with deep roots are most likely using what mechanism
drought resistance
36
# what biome?
permanent layer of frozen ground (permafrost)
tundra
37
no more woody species in higher elevation of tundra, which results in stunted form of tress
krumholts
38
there are three types of forests, what are they? (most important in global carbon cycle, does 60 mega of carbon assmilition )
coniferous, temperate deciduous, tropical `
39
the coniferous plants are _____, whose seeds are not enclosed in ovary during development
gymnosperms
40
all coniferous are evergreen except
bald cypress (southern indiana), larch
41
angiosperms are ____ plants
flowering
42
conifer: genous picea (monoecious), what species?
norway spruce
43
conifer: abies balsamea (monoecious)
balsam fir (christmas tree)
44
conifer: pinus taeda (monoecious), what species?
loblolly pine
45
conifer: larix laricina (monoecious) what species
eastern larch
46
conifer: monoecious means
male and female parts on individual stem
47
conifer: Tsuga canadensis
eastern hemlock
48
conifer: juniper communis (dioecious) species
common juniper
49
all conifer are monoecious except
juniper
50
all conifers are evergreen except
larynx
51
temperate deciduous forests located where in the world
europe, east asia, north america
52
deciduous: fagus; species?
american beech (late successional species; shade tolerant)
53
deciduous: acer; species?
sugar maple (late successional, on the rise ) 1
54
deciduous: quercus; species?
eastern red oak
55
deciduous: betula; species?
yellow birch
56
deciduous: liriodendron; species?
magnoliacae
57
deciduous: populas tremuloides; species? it is the most widely distributed tree in north america
trembling aspen
58
sugar maple is on the rise because of putting out ____ ____, causes oak trees to get pushed out (oat trees are fire resistant)
forest fires
59
what are the three broadleaved, evergreen trees
eucalyptus, nothofagus, southern magnolia
60
the tropical rainforests cover ___% of worlds total land area and ___ of plant and animal species live in them
23; half
61
Trees in tropical rain forest have ____ and ___ bark ( becasue there is no need for storage of water)
smooth; thin
62
in tropical rain forest leaves have large oval leaves and "___ ____" so they don't collect water
drip tips
63
the buttress or prop roots of a tree in tropical rainforest are meant to help ____ the tree
stabilize
64
corn plants can grow ___ ____ to support themselves in chaotic environment
pop roots
65
66
in tropical rainforest there is a lot of _____
epiphytes
67
______ are plants that grow on the plants of other plants
epiphytes
68
the distance between tree canopies
crown shyness (causes: to avoid overuse and lower branches get sunlight)
69
the bird of paradise is a _____ animal
rainforest
70
the purpose of a bird of paradise tail is
to attract mates (bird with longest tail has highest reproductive success)
71
what are the two types of aquatic ecosystems
salt and fresh water
72
freshwater ecosytem can be further divided into ___ and ___
lakes (lentic) ; rivers
73
four different type of lakes
pot hole, glacial, volcanic crater, oxbow
74
the top layer of the lake is called
limnetic zone
75
the bottom layer of the lake is called
profundal
76
in between limnetic and profundal zones of a lake there is
compensation level
77
helophytes grow in the soil and are submerged in water, at a lake what is this zone called
littoral zone
78
what type of lake status? low surface-voume ratio
clean and clear
low in primary and secondary productivity (not a lot of fish and other organisms)
oligotrphic
79
what is the lake status?
high surface-to-volume ratio
muddy
eutrophic (trophic means nutrients; eu means abundant)
80
the limiting nutrient in lakes for algae growth is
phosphorous (because it is immobile)
81
what ecosystem has these characteristics?
- mostly heterotrophic
- most energy comes from surrounding forests, higher
- productivity of primary producers (6-30 x higher than lakes)
river
82
a small headwater stream with no tributaries
first order stream
83
two first order streams join to form ___ ____ stream
second order
84
a body of land from where all water drains to the same river
watershed
85
three zones of ocean
euphotic, disphotic, aphotic
86
in the intertidal zone of ocean, the vegetation is known as
tidal marsh
87
a special species in tidal marshe is ___ ___ ____ it has (2 adaptations) specialized salt-secreting cells, have hollow tubes leading from leaf to roots
smooth cord grass
88
lots of fish lay eggs in ____ ___ because there are no waves (ecosystem is common in florida)
mangrove swamp
89
the red mangroev reproduces by ____; which means the mother plants makes little plants, not seeds
vivipary
90
the effects of deforestation on tropical rainforest
loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and flooding, weather pattern changes, loss of carbon sink
91
what are the two types of smog
industrial and photochemical
92
what four conditions must occur to have photochem. smog
sunlight, temp greater than 18°C, NO2 and VOC(volatile organic compounds)
93
NO2+VOC makes
PAN (secondary pollutant) or smog
94
isoprene and monoterpenes are tress which emit ___
VOC
95
process of being able to track where pollution is coming from (usually from factories)
point pollution source
96
non point source pollution is where the source of pollution can be from large stretch of ___
farmland
97
biological pollutants can be (ex. purple loosestrife, multiflowered rose, garlic mustard, japanese honeysuckle, bradford pear)
invasive species
98
biological pollutants (animals)
zebra mussel, brown snake, japanese beetles, emerald ash borer, honey bee, brown stink bug, spotted lantern fly, european starling
99
insects can develop ____ to pest control products
resistance
100
the percentage of crops lost has only grown a small amount since ____
pesticide
101
after a pest has been virtually eliminated with a pesticide, the pest pop. recovers and explodes to higher number. what is this called?
resurgance
102
what are the mites on honey bees
varona
103
osprey and bald eagle have declined because of ____. It affects the formation of their eggshells
DDT
104
long term solution of pest control is
using natural enemies of pests
