Exam four

Question 1

an observation that paradigm cannot explain

Answer 1

anomaly

Question 2

revolutionary, unprecedented, or groundbreaking inventions that form the basis for countless applications and for subsequent upgrades

Answer 2

basic innovations

Question 3

social movement that seek to maintain a social order that reformist and revolutionary movements are seeking to change

Answer 3

counterrevolutionary movement

Question 4

the stable of existing inventions that form the basis for further innovation

Answer 4

cultural base

Question 5

one in which the use of fossil fuels shapes virtually every aspect of our personal and social lives

Answer 5

hydrocarbon society

Question 6

modification of basic innovations that make them supposedly better in some way – bigger, smaller, faster, more user friendly, more efficient, more fashionable

Answer 6

improving innovations

Question 7

an unprecedented increase in the amount of stored data and messages transmitted through all forms of media including digital, print, radio, and television

Answer 7

information explosion

Question 8

the invention or discovery of something such as a new idea, process, practice, device, or tool

Answer 8

innovation

Question 9

the dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study

Answer 9

paradigms

Question 10

a profit making strategy that involves producing goods that are disposable after a single use, have a shorter life cycle than the industry is capable of producing; or go out of style quickly even though the goods can still serve their purpose

Answer 10

planned obsolescence

Question 11

social movements that target a specific feature of society as needing change

Answer 11

reformist movements

Question 12

social movements that seek to turn back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being, one sometimes considered a “golden era”

Answer 12

regressive or reactionary movement

Question 13

a situation in which a core group of sophisticated strategists world to harness a disaffected groups energies, attract money and supporters, capture the news medias attention, forge alliances with those in power, and develop an organization structure

Answer 13

resource mobilization

Question 14

situations in which more or less the same invention is produced by two or more people working independently of one another at about the same time

Answer 14

simultaneous- independent invention

Question 15

any significant alteration, modification, or transformation in the way social activities and relationships are organized

Answer 15

social change

Question 16

a situation in which a substantial number of people organize to make a change, resist a change, or undo a change in some area of society

Answer 16

social movement

Question 17

situation in which a previously rare event, response or opinion becomes dramatically more common

Answer 17

tipping point

Question 18

the ceaseless increases in production and, by extension, ceaseless consumption needed to sustain the global economy’s success that is measured by increased profits

Answer 18

treadmill of production

Question 19

a transformative process whereby people move away from sparsely populated rural environments to densely populated urban ones

Answer 19

urbanization

Question 20

an institutionalized set of belifes about a nations past, present, and future and a corresponding set of rituals. both the belifes and the rituals take on a sacred quality and elicit feelings of patriotism. civil religion forges ties between religion and a nations needs and political interest

Answer 20

civil religion

Question 21

very small, loosely organized groups, usually founded by a charismatic leader who attracts people by virtue of his or her personal qualities

Answer 21

cults

Question 22

a hierarchical religious organization, led by a professionally trained clergy, in a society in which church and state are usually seperate

Answer 22

denomination

Question 23

a professionally trained religious organization, governed by a hierarchy of leaders, that claims everyone in a society as a member

Answer 23

ecclesia

Question 24

religious organizations, resembling both denominations and sects, that have left denominations or ecclesia and have existed long enough to acquire a large following and widespread respectability

Answer 24

established sects

Question 25

a religious movement based on the idea that organized religions have a responsibility to demand social justice for the marginalized peoples of the world, especially landless peasants and the urban poor. and to take an active role at the grassroots level to bring about political and economic justice

Answer 25

liberation theology

Question 26

an economic system that involves careful calculation of cost of production relative to profits, borrowing and lending money accumulating all forms of capital, and drawing labor from an unrestricted global labor pool

Answer 26

modern capitalism

Question 27

religions in which the sacred is sought in states of being that, at their peak, can exclude all awareness of one's existence, sensations, thoughts, and surroundings

Answer 27

mystical religions

Question 28

a situation in which "more and more people live amid competing beliefs, values, and lifestyles" a situation that has profound effects on religion

Answer 28

pluralization

Question 29

the belief that God has foreordained all things, including the salvation or damnation of individual souls

Answer 29

predestination

Question 30

a term describing everything that is not sacred, including things opposed to the sacred and things that stand apart from the sacred, albeit not in opposition to it

Answer 30

profane

Question 31

religions in which the sacred revolves around items that symbolize significant historical events or around the lives, teaching and writings of great people

Answer 31

prophetic religions

Question 32

rules that govern howe people must behave in the presence of the sacred to achieve an acceptable state of being

Answer 32

rituals

Question 33

religions in which the sacred is sought in places, objects and actions believed to house a god or spirit

Answer 33

sacramental religions

Question 34

a domain of experiences that include everything regarded as extraordinary and that inspires in believers deep and absorbing sentiments of awe, respect, mystery, and reverence

Answer 34

sacred

Question 35

a small community of believers led by a lay ministry, with no formal hierarchy or official governing body to oversee its various religious gathering and activities. sect are typically composed of people who broke away from denomination because that came to vier it as corrupt

Answer 35

sect

Question 36

a process by which religious influences on thought and behavior are reduced

Answer 36

secularization

Question 37

a belief that people are instruments of divine will and that god determines and directs their activities

Answer 37

this-worldly asceticism

Question 38

a situation in which people lack the resources to satisfy the basic needs no person should be without

Answer 38

absolute poverty

Question 39

the annual number of births per 1000 people

Answer 39

birth rate

Question 40

the emigration from a country of the most educated and talented people

Answer 40

brain drain

Question 41

a group of people born around the same time (such as a specified five year period) who share common experiences and perspectives by virtue of the time they were born

Answer 41

cohort

Question 42

a form of domination in which a foreign power imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population to control their resources, labor, and markets

Answer 42

colonialism

Question 43

a population pyramid that is narrower at the base than in the middle. it shows that population consists disproportionately of middle aged and older people

Answer 43

constrictive pyramid

Question 44

the annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a designated area of population

Answer 44

crude death rate

Question 45

a process of undoing colonialism such that the colonized country achieves independence from the so-called mother country

Answer 45

decolonization

Question 46

a condition society has imposed on those with certain impairments because of how inventions and social activities have been organized to inadvertently exclude them while accommodating others

Answer 46

disability

Question 47

a triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each successive bar smaller than the one below it. the pyramid shows that population consists disproportionately of young people

Answer 47

expansive pyramid

Question 48

a physical or mental condition that interferes with someone's ability to perform a major life activity that the average person can perform without assistance or without altering the physical enviroment

Answer 48

impairment

Question 49

the annual number of deaths of infants less than one year of age for every 1000 such infants born alive

Answer 49

infant mortality rate

Question 50

the death of a woman, while pregnant or within 42 days of a termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or the way a pregnancy is managed per 100,000 live birth

Answer 50

maternal mortality

Question 51

emphasize that schools perform a number of important social function that, ideally, contribute to the smooth operation of society

Answer 51

functionalist perspective

Question 52

this sociologist points out that tests give the impression that education is meritocratic- that grades are awarded according to demonstrated academic abilities (as measured by test scores) and not family connections or class privilege

Answer 52

bourdieu

Question 53

this theory focuses on schooling as a sorting mechanism that disproportionately eliminates students from disadvantaged backgrounds

Answer 53

reproduction theory

Question 54

christian movement that played a major role in fighting against political dictatorship and poverty

Answer 54

liberation theology

Question 55

occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way

Answer 55

informal education

Question 56

uncommon and extraordinary aspects of social life that inspires in believes feelings of awe, reverence, and respect

Answer 56

sacred

Question 57

emphasize that hidden curriculum in schools perpetuates social inequalities

Answer 57

conflict perspective

Question 58

is a form gatekeeping in which students are sorted by their perceived abilities rather than their achieved abilities

Answer 58

tracking

Question 59

this even created the belief that formal education was essential to the well-being of society

Answer 59

industrialization

Question 60

formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

Answer 60

schooling

Question 61

begins with false definition of a situation

Answer 61

self fulfilling prophecy

Question 62

emphasize individual religious expression through belief, ritual, and experience

Answer 62

symbolic interactionist

Question 63

evaluates people based on schooling. helps those who are already advantaged and hurts those who are already disadvantaged

Answer 63

credential society

Question 64

transmission by schools of cultural goals, that are not openly acknowledged

Answer 64

hidden curriculum

Question 65

knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes, and abilities that transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 65

cultural capital

Question 66

takes place in a classrooms, where there is a syllabus and set content to be taught to learned

Answer 66

formal education

Question 67

sanctifying the nation by associating its history, values, and institutions with God's special favor

Answer 67

civil religion

Question 68

a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society at large

Answer 68

established sect

Question 69

this sociologist proposed that religion taught people to endure suffering and deprivation instead of revolting against injustice

Answer 69

marx

Question 70

religion in which followers become involved in practices such as fasting or celibacy to separate themselves from worldly attachments

Answer 70

mystical

Question 71

a way of displaying population data that allows us to compare the size of age cohorts and the percentages of males and females in each cohort

Answer 71

population pyramid

Question 72

the 2011 haiti earthquake in which a large proportion of the population died represents

Answer 72

mortality crisis

Question 73

a form of domination in which a foreign power uses in superior military force to impose its political, economic, social and cultural institution on an indigenous population with the aim of dominating their resources, labor and markets population with the aim of dominating their resources, labor,, and markets

Answer 73

colonialism

Question 74

continuing economic dependence on former imposing powers

Answer 74

neocolonialism

Question 75

describes how a population's birth and death rates (And disease patterns) correspond to its level of industrialization and economic development

Answer 75

theory of the demographic transition

Question 76

a process of economic, social, and cultural transmission in which a country "evolves" from one status to another

Answer 76

modernization theory

Question 77

argues that poor countries are poor because they have been, and continue to be, exploited by the world's wealthiest governments and by the global and multinational corporations that based in the wealthy counties

Answer 77

dependency theory

Question 78

a five stage process, beginning with defining a behavior as deviant to institutionalization

Answer 78

medicalization

Question 79

associated with lifestyle choices that accompany economic development

Answer 79

diseases of affluence

Question 80

gas prices slowly rise over time, triggering small changes in driving habits. eventually the price becomes so that drastic changes in behaviors are made by a large quantity of people

Answer 80

tipping point

Question 81

the ever increasing flow of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture across political borders

Answer 81

globalization

Question 82

this principle is applied when a company uses the motto " we deliver in 30 minutes or less!"

Answer 82

mcdonalization

Question 83

about 50 precent of the world's population lives in_______ enviroment

Answer 83

urban

Question 84

revolutionary, unprecedented, or ground-breaking inventions that are the cornerstones for wide range of applications

Answer 84

basic innovations

Question 85

for many people, the idea that animals, rocks and plants should be treated respect is a new concept. example of...

Answer 85

paradigm shift

Question 86

the ceaseless increase in production and, by extension, ceaseless consumption needed to sustain the global economy's success that is measured by increased profits

Answer 86

treadmill of production

Question 87

these theorist are interest in way changing climate is affecting interactions among Greenlanders

Answer 87

symbolic interactionists

Question 88

these theories focus on the many industries that have moved out of the US to other countries in order to exploit its resources for commercial interests

Answer 88

conflict

Question 89

formed when a substantial number of people organize to change, to resist change, or undo change in some area of society

Answer 89

social movement

Question 90

a society in which the use of fossil fuel shape virtually every aspect of peoples personal and social lives

Answer 90

hydrocarbon