Exam one

Question 1

the ever increasing flow of goods, services, money, people technology information, and other cultural items across national boarderes

Answer 1

globalization

Question 2

something unique to a locality such as the song “gangnam style” or kentucky bourbon is launched on a path toward globalization

Answer 2

glocalization

Question 3

the scientific study of human activity in society. more specifically, it is the study of the social forces that influences or pressure people to behave, respond, or think in certain ways

Answer 3

sociology

Question 4

anything humans create that influences or pressures people to behave, respond, or think in certain ways

Answer 4

social forces

Question 5

a quality of mind that allows people to grasp how remote and impersonal social forces shape their life story or biography

Answer 5

socialogical imagination

Question 6

day-to-day activities from birth to death that make up a person’s life

Answer 6

biography

Question 7

personal needs, problems, or difficulties brought on by individual shortcomings related to motivation, attitude ability, character, or judgement

Answer 7

trouble

Question 8

a matter that can be explained only by factors outside an individual’s control and immediate enivroment

Answer 8

issue

Question 9

defining feature of the industrial revolution.

the process of replacing human and animal muscle as a source of power with external sources derived from coal.

Answer 9

mechanization

Question 10

the scientific study of social patterns (Comte), theory stating that valid knowledge about the world can be derived only from sense experience of knowing the world through the sense of sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing from empirical assoiations

Answer 10

positivism

Question 11

major force that drives social change

Answer 11

conflict

Question 12

the resources essential to the production and distribution of goods and services

Answer 12

means of production

Question 13

Marx’s term for capitalists, those who own the means of production

Answer 13

bourgeonisie

Question 14

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Answer 14

Proletariat

Question 15

system of social ties that connects people to one another and to the wiser society (Durkheim)

Answer 15

solidarity

Question 16

a state in which the ties attaching the individual to others in the society are weak (Durkheim)

Answer 16

egoistic

Question 17

the ties attaching the individual to the group are such that he or she has no life beyond the group (Durkheim)

Answer 17

altruistic

Question 18

a state in which the ties attaching individuals to the group are disrupted by a drastic social change in economic circumstances (Durkheim)

Answer 18

anomic

Question 19

the ties attaching the individual to the group involve discipline so oppressive it offers o chance of release (Durkheim)

Answer 19

fatalistic

Question 20

actions people take in response to others

Answer 20

social action

Question 21

“this sense of always look at oneself’s through the eyes of others.”

Answer 21

double consciousness

Question 22

barrier supported by customs and laws separating non whites from white, especially with regard to their place in the division of labor

Answer 22

color line

Question 23

firsthand knowledge gained by living and working among those being studied

Answer 23

sympathetic knowledge

Question 24

• One of the founders o sociology
• coined the term “sociology”
• believed sociology could unite all sciences and improve society
• prositvist
• theorized a 3 stage development of society

Answer 24

Auguste Comte

Question 25

- class conflict and control - sees society through evolving stages - society evolves through different modes of production in which the upper class controls the means of production and the lower class is forced to provide labor - critical of capitalism - under capitalism, the proletariat must alienate their labor - the bourgeoisie try to preserve capitalism by promoting ideologies that keep workers from revolting

Answer 25

Karl Marx

Question 26

- believed society exerted a powerful force on individuals - people's norms, beliefs, and values make up a collective consciousness, or a shared way of understanding and behaving in the world - collective consciousness binds individuals together and creates social integration - mechanical vs. organic solidarity - wrote the book suicide - examined the ties that bind people to society - anomic, egoistic, altruistic, fatalistic

Answer 26

Emile Durkheim

Question 27

- class, status, and power - indentified social actions people take in response others - traditional, affectional, value- rational, instrumental- rational - ideal type a identified preconditions for the emergence of bureaucracy - the "iron cage": the increasing rationalization in western societies that trap individuals in systems based solely on efficiency, rational calculation and control - social status is a combo of property, prestige, and power

Answer 27

Max Weber

Question 28

- promoted full civil equality - cofounder of the NAACP - led the fight against racism, lynching, and Jim Crow laws - vocal on issues relating to African american liberties, condemning Wilson's segregation of federal positions, and encouraging the Great Migration - coined the term "Double Consciousness" - color line

Answer 28

W.E.B. DuBois

Question 29

the contribution a part of society makes to an existing social order

Answer 29

function

Question 30

refers to the way people have organized interaction and other activities to achieve some valued goal -- to take care of the sick, to pass on knowledge, to encourage interest in robots etc.

Answer 30

social order

Question 31

intended or anticipated effect that a part has on the existing social order

Answer 31

manifest function

Question 32

unintended, unanticipated disruption to an existing social arrangements that downplays or dismisses any possibility that the arrangement advantages some groups over others

Answer 32

Facade of legitimacy

Question 33

everyday encounters in which people communicate, interpret, and response to each other's words and action

Answer 33

social interventions

Question 34

any kind of physical phenomenon to which people assign a name, meaning, or value

Answer 34

symbol

Question 35

the sum of existing expectations and newly negotiated ones

Answer 35

negotiated order

Question 36

various strategies that sociologists and other scientists use to formulate or answer meaningful research questions and to collect, analyze, and interpret data gathered

Answer 36

research method

Question 37

a carefully planed data-gathering and data analysis process that researchers open to outside critique and replication

Answer 37

scientific method

Question 38

a stance in which researcher's personal, or subjective, view do not influence their observations or the outcomes of their research

Answer 38

objectivity

Question 39

a set of questions given to respondents who read the instructions and fill in the answers themselves

Answer 39

self administered questionnaire

Question 40

an interview in which the wording and sequence of questions are set in advance and cannot be changed during the interview

Answer 40

structured interview

Question 41

an interview in which the question-and-answer sequence is spontaneous, open-ended, and flexible

Answer 41

unstructured interview

Question 42

a research technique in which the researcher watches, listen to, and records behavior and conversations as they happen

Answer 42

observation

Question 43

a research technique in which the researcher observes study participants without interacting with them

Answer 43

nonparticipant observation

Question 44

a research technique in which the researcher observes study participants while directly interacting with them

Answer 44

partipant observation

Question 45

a phenomenon in which research subjects alter their behavior when they learn they are being observed

Answer 45

hawthorne effect

Question 46

data that has been collected by other researchers for some other purpose

Answer 46

secondary sources

Question 47

clear, precise definitions and instructions about how to observe and or measure the variable under study

Answer 47

operational definitions

Question 48

the extent to which an operational definition gives consistent results

Answer 48

reliability

Question 49

the degree to which the described measure actually measures what it claims to measure

Answer 49

validity

Question 50

the extent to which findings can be applied to the larger population from which a sample is drawn

Answer 50

generalizability

Question 51

portions of the cases from a larger population

Answer 51

samples

Question 52

a type of sample in which every case in the population has an equal chance of being selected

Answer 52

random sample

Question 53

a type of sample in which those selected for study have the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it is selected

Answer 53

representative sample

Question 54

the process by which people acquire a social identity and learn about the groups to which they belong and do not belong

Answer 54

socialization

Question 55

a group to which a person belongs to, identifies, admires, and or feels loyalty

Answer 55

in group

Question 56

any group to which a person does not belong

Answer 56

out group

Question 57

the process in which people take as their own and accept as binding the norms, values, beliefs, and language that their socializers are attempting to pass on

Answer 57

internalization

Question 58

human genetic makeup or biological inheritance

Answer 58

nature

Question 59

the social experiences that make up individual's life

Answer 59

nature

Question 60

the experiences shared and recalled by significant number of people. such memories are revived, preserved, shared, passed on and recast in many forms, such as stories, holidays, ritual

Answer 60

collective memory

Question 61

the process of stepping into another person's shoes by which to imaginatively view and assess our (and others') behavior, appearance, and thoughts

Answer 61

role- taking

Question 62

a voluntary and often spontaneous activity with few or no formal rues that is no subject to constraints of time or place

Answer 62

play

Question 63

structured, organized activities that usually involve more than one person and a number of constraints, such as established roles, rules, time, place, and outcome

Answer 63

games

Question 64

a system of expected behaviors and meaning that transcend the people paricipating

Answer 64

generalized other

Question 65

gestures that convey the same meaning to the people transmitting them and receiving them

Answer 65

significant symbol

Question 66

any action that requires people to interpret its meaning the people transmitting them and receiving them

Answer 66

gesture

Question 67

the social self-- the part of the self that is the product of interaction with others and that has internalized the rules and expectations

Answer 67

me

Question 68

the active and creative aspect of the self that questions the expectations and rules for behavior

Answer 68

i

Question 69

a process in which a sense of self develops, enabling one to see oneself reflected in others' real or imagined reaction to ones appearance and behavior

Answer 69

looking glass self

Question 70

significant others, primary groups, in groups, out groups, and institutions that shape our sense of self or social identity, teach us about the groups to which we do and do not belong, help us realize our human capacities, and help us negotiate the social and physical environment we have inherited

Answer 70

agents of socialization

Question 71

two or more people who share a distinct identity, feel a sense of belonging, and interact directly or indirectly with one another

Answer 71

group

Question 72

a social group that has face to face contact and strong emotional ties among its members

Answer 72

primary group

Question 73

forms of communication designed to reach large audiences without face to face contact between those conveying and those receiving the messages

Answer 73

mass media

Question 74

the process that involves breaking with behaviors and ways of thinking that are unsuited to existing or changing circumstances and replacing with new, more appropriate ways of behaving and thinking

Answer 74

resocialization

Question 75

institutions in which people surrender control of their lives, voluntarily or involuntarily, to an administrative staff and carry out daily activities with others requires to do the same thing

Answer 75

total institution

Question 76

sustained social interactions between two or more parties, each of whom live in a different country

Answer 76

transnational relationships

Question 77

everyday encounters in which people communicate, interpret, and respond to each other's words and actions

Answer 77

social interaction

Question 78

a largely invisible system that coordinates and constrains behavior in broadly predictable ways

Answer 78

social structure

Question 79

a human created and defined position in society

Answer 79

social status

Question 80

social status that are result of chance in that people exert no effort to obtain them (a person's birth order, race, sex, and age)

Answer 80

ascribed status

Question 81

social statuses acquired through some combination of personal choice, effort , and ability. (a person marital status, occupation, education)

Answer 81

achieved statuses

Question 82

all that statuses any one person assumes

Answer 82

status set

Question 83

one status in a status set that overshadows the others such that it shapes every aspect of life and dominates social interactions

Answer 83

master status

Question 84

the behavior expected of a status in relation to another status

Answer 84

role

Question 85

the array of roles associated with a given social status

Answer 85

role set

Question 86

norms about how a role should be carried out in relation to other statuses

Answer 86

role expectations

Question 87

the actual behavior of the person occupying a role

Answer 87

role performance

Question 88

a predicament in which the roles associated with two or more distinct statuses that a person hold conflicts in song way

Answer 88

role conflict

Question 89

a predicament in which there are contradictory or conflicting roles expectations associated with a single status

Answer 89

role strain

Question 90

two or more people who interact for a specific purpose, secondary group relationships are confined to particular setting and specific tasks

Answer 90

secondary groups

Question 91

relatively stable and predictable social arrangements created and sustained by people that have merged other time with purpose of coordinating hum activities to meet some need, such as food, shelter, or clothing.

Answer 91

institutions

Question 92

web of social relationships that link people to one another

Answer 92

social network

Question 93

a model in which social interaction is viewed as if it were a theater, people as if they were actors, and roles as if they were performances before an audience in particular setting

Answer 93

dramaturgical management

Question 94

the area visible to the audience, where people feel compelled to present themselves in expected ways

Answer 94

front stage

Question 95

the area out of the audiences sight, where individuals let down their guard and do thinks that would be inappropriate or unexpected in a front state setting

Answer 95

back stage

Question 96

work that requires employees to display an emotional stage in front of customers, suppress specific emotions, and manage customer/client eotions

Answer 96

emotional labor

Question 97

conscious efforts people make to manage their feeling by evoking an expected emotional state or suppressing an inappropiate

Answer 97

emotion work