Exam Two

Question 1

as bureaucracies and corporations grow, human life is trumped by these. it becomes less important to cater to the individual

Answer 1

alienation

Question 2

an organizational structure put into place to achieve a goal by the most efficient means using coordinated human activity

Answer 2

bureaucracy

Question 3

formal organizations which lure people in who have no choice but to participate. examples are socialization or re-socialization structures like school or prison

Answer 3

coercive organization

Question 4

the guiding, monitoring, and regulating of the production of the delivery of a product or service

Answer 4

control

Question 5

a claim made by an organization about it’s product or services ability to move a consumer quickly from one state or being to another. such as moving from hungry to satisfied

Answer 5

efficiency

Question 6

cost of using or acquiring a product that are not factored into the price of the product or paid by producers. such as what disposing the product does to the enviroment

Answer 6

externality cost

Question 7

official aspects of an organization such as written rules, descriptions of jobs and procedures

Answer 7

formal dimension

Question 8

coordinating mechanisms which bring together people, resources, and technology, to control human activity in an effort to achieve a certain goal or outcome. EX apple creates technology for consumers

Answer 8

formal organizations

Question 9

a formal organization which is dedicated to the fast production of food regardless of whether it is nutritious or not, in the sole effort to make profit, reduce cost in all forms

Answer 9

industrial food system

Question 10

a deliberate simplification which exaggerates defining characteristics of something, which establishes a standard that real cases can be compared to

Answer 10

ideal type

Question 11

the unofficial dimension of an organization. usually defined by norms and values that employees create and behaviors which ignore or bypass the formal dimensions of the organization. EX not washing your hands after going to the bathroom even if there is a sign next to the sink

Answer 11

informal dimension

Question 12

irrationalities generated by rational systems

Answer 12

iron cage of rationality

Question 13

process by which the principles and formal dimensions of the fast food chain are dominating more and more sectors of american society

Answer 13

mcdonaldization

Question 14

there a only few complete power. only a select few possess the decision-making power in a company

Answer 14

oligarchy

Question 15

the expectation that good or service will be the same wherever you purchase it

Answer 15

predictability

Question 16

the trend of organizations hiring experts with formal training in specific areas which are needed to achieve certain goals

Answer 16

professionalization

Question 17

numerical indications which make it easy for consumers to evaluate products and services EX. rate your experience

Answer 17

quantification and calculation

Question 18

when a process of thought or action rooted in emotion, superstition or traditions is replaced by an instrumental rational approach. EX going from making something because you love your consumers to doing it solely for a profit

Answer 18

rationalization

Question 19

quantitative measures of how well an organization and its part are performing

Answer 19

statistical measures of performance

Question 20

the inability to respond in unique or unusual circumstances, do to specialized and repetitive training EX not knowing how to respond to an unhappy costumer when you did exactly what you were told todo a million times in trainiing

Answer 20

trained incapacity

Question 21

companies with countless enterprises in different countries other than where they are headquartered

Answer 21

transnational corporations

Question 22

organizations that draw people in who are searching for material gain EX companies who are looking for employees

Answer 22

utilitarian organization

Question 23

organization which draw together people to give time and talent to support a mutual interest or meet a goal

Answer 23

voluntary organizations

Question 24

groups of people who come together with a clear purpose of goal in mind. largely impersonal. and may vary in size

Answer 24

secondary group

Question 25

instrumental rational methods of thought, rationalization. power lies in the position, not the person in that position

Answer 25

weber

Question 26

coined the term mcdonalization

Answer 26

george ritzer

Question 27

concerned with trained incapacity. also investigated how companies may use computers to automate or informate employees

Answer 27

Thorstein Veblen and Shoshana Zuboff

Question 28

noticed that large organizations seem to inevitably become oligarchies over time

Answer 28

robert michels

Question 29

professionalization. these experts do not seek eventual control over the corporation. the relationship between corporations and expert is problmatic

Answer 29

Blau and Schoenherr

Question 30

alienation in the face of huge bureaucracies

Answer 30

Marx

Question 31

concepts about how the world works and how the individual fits that are accepted as true

Answer 31

beliefs

Question 32

subcultures that challenge, or outright reject mainstream culture

Answer 32

countercultures

Question 33

some material or nonmaterial aspect of culture that elicits consensus of its importance within the group, but also allows room dissent and discussion

Answer 33

cultural anchors

Question 34

when a group tries to eliminate every aspect of a culture, because they see it as wrong

Answer 34

cultural genocide

Question 35

the perspective that another culture should be judged in relation to ones own home culture

Answer 35

culture relativism

Question 36

specific responses or practices of a culture that handle lifes' challenges

Answer 36

cultural particulars

Question 37

things that all cultures have in common

Answer 37

cultural universals

Question 38

the beliefs, norms, symbols, and values shared by a group. the way of life for a group, and the strategies they use to adjust and adapt

Answer 38

culture

Question 39

the strain one feels when entering a new culture, and orienting yourself to it

Answer 39

culture shock

Question 40

when an idea, invention, or cultural item is borrowed from another culture

Answer 40

diffusion

Question 41

judging all other cultures based on your own

Answer 41

ethnocentrism

Question 42

norms which express appropriate ways to express internal sensations

Answer 42

feeling rules

Question 43

norms that apply to the mundane everyday aspect of life

Answer 43

folkways

Question 44

the ever increasing exchange of products and services across transnational borders

Answer 44

globalization

Question 45

a symbol system using gestures, sounds, and characters to convey menaing

Answer 45

language

Question 46

the idea that the language you learn as you group up effects how you view the world. no two languages are ever similar enough to possess a similar view

Answer 46

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 47

all natural and created objects to which we assign meaning

Answer 47

material culture

Question 48

critical norms that must be followed, or are met with severe punishment if broken

Answer 48

mores

Question 49

non-physical creations we cannot hold or see

Answer 49

nonmaterial culture

Question 50

written and non-written rules which dictate what is and is not appropriate to specific social settings

Answer 50

norms

Question 51

the difficult one has returning to his own culture after spending a significant time immersed in another culture

Answer 51

reentry shock

Question 52

when home culture is regarded as inferior to foreign cultures

Answer 52

reverse ethnocentrism

Question 53

internal bodily sensation experienced in relationships with other people

Answer 53

social emotions

Question 54

groups within a majority that may disagree with a particular aspect of the larger culture, but not the whole

Answer 54

subcultures

Question 55

general shared conceptions about what is good, right, appropriate, and important with regard to the conduct, appearance and state of being people within society

Answer 55

values

Question 56

to make something that is not real (abstract), real (concrete).

Answer 56

reify

Question 57

those who are given the job to block or hide things deemed deviant or that disagree with a certain societies values an beliefs

Answer 57

censors

Question 58

a method of preventing information from reaching an audience

Answer 58

censorship

Question 59

people who make or promote claims, and who gain in some way from people accepting these claims.

Answer 59

claims maker

Question 60

activities designed to draw support for a claim that someone has made

Answer 60

claims- making activities

Question 61

people who follow the rules and regulations of the group they belong to

Answer 61

conformists

Question 62

an approach which focuses on how groups, activities and conditions come to be defined as problem

Answer 62

constructionist approach

Question 63

crimes committed by a corporation through how it does business in relation to others

Answer 63

corporate crimes

Question 64

any behavior or appearance that challenges the norms or expectations of a group

Answer 64

deviance

Question 65

cultures or group that are a part of the larger society, but which hold a certain belief, behavior, or appearance that is in violation with the larger society

Answer 65

deviant subcultures

Question 66

a social arrangement which normalizes surveillance, making it expected

Answer 66

disciplinary societies

Question 67

those who are accused or treated as deviant, even though they did not commit any acts of deviance

Answer 67

falsely accused

Question 68

expressions of approval or disapproval for a behavior, which are backed by laws, rules, or policies.

Answer 68

formal sanctions

Question 69

social settings and arrangements which offer people the opportunity to commit particular types of crimes

Answer 69

illegitimate opportunity structures

Question 70

expressions of approval or disapproval for a behavior that are not backed by formal laws. usually spontaneous in nature

Answer 70

informal sanctions

Question 71

accepting of culturally supported goals but rejection of the legitimate meaning of achieving them

Answer 71

innovation

Question 72

large scale surveillance of a group that goes beyond the normal in attempts to prevent a targeted population from engaging in what id defined as wrongdoing

Answer 72

mass surveillance

Question 73

when the status of being a deviant overshadows any other status the person may possess

Answer 73

master status of deviant

Question 74

norms which people view as critical to the function of society. if broken, there will be severe punishment

Answer 74

mores

Question 75

negative sansctions

Answer 75

an expression of disapproval

Question 76

positive sanctions

Answer 76

an expression of approval

Question 77

those whose deviance is viewed as understandable or insignificant due to the social status they possess. EX a rich person getting special treatment by the court system, because of his status in relation to the crime he commited

Answer 77

primary deviants

Question 78

the corporations which benefit from providing services to a correctional facility

Answer 78

prison-industrial complex

Question 79

people who are caught committing acts of deviance, and are punished for it as well as being labelled an outsider

Answer 79

pure deviants

Question 80

full or partial rejection of the meaning of attaining as well as the goals themselves, which are held by a group. additionally, there the instillation of a new set of goals and mean to achieve them

Answer 80

rebellion

Question 81

the rejection of societal goals, and means to achieve them

Answer 81

retreatism

Question 82

the rejection of societal goals, but the rigid adherence to the means of achieving said goals

Answer 82

ritualism

Question 83

reactions of approval or lack there of in response to someones

Answer 83

sanctions

Question 84

those whose deviance is treated as something significant, which cannot just be overlooked.

Answer 84

secondary deviants

Question 85

methods used to teach, persuade or force a groups members to comply with groups norms and expectations

Answer 85

self control

Question 86

any situation in which the goals have unclear limits, people are unsure whether they can achieve these goals, or legitimate means to achieve them are unavailable to to large portion of people

Answer 86

structural strain

Question 87

a method of social control in which people are monitored so that they are persuaded to not commit wrongdoing

Answer 87

surveillance

Question 88

a campaign to identify, investigate, and correct a behavior seen as deviant. often, the behavior is not the real problem, but is used to distract the majority from the real problem to make it see m like more of an easy fix

Answer 88

witch hunt

Question 89

crimes committed by those of high status in an effort to carry out the duties of the position which they hold

Answer 89

write-collar crimes

Question 90

the idea that deviance only exists when someone identifies an sanctions someone for a so-called "deviant" behavior or appearance

Answer 90

labelling theory

Question 91

a strict system that uses stratification to separate classes mainly by ascribed status. there is virtually no way to move within statuses. the one your are born with is what you are stuck with for your life

Answer 91

caste system (closed system)

Question 92

chance defines the characteristics and experiences which are not due to choice, will, or effort.

Answer 92

chance

Question 93

the social setting you life your life in, or are born into. as well as the barriers or opportunities this context presents for the people in it

Answer 93

context

Question 94

the conscious act of choosing a certain behavior, appearance, or path

Answer 94

choice

Question 95

a system that employs stratification to create classes mainly based on income an wealth. however, there is significantly more room within this system to move up or down from the class you are born into. the barriers are much easier to surpass with effort

Answer 95

class or open system

Question 96

a persons economic and social status within the stratification system

Answer 96

class

Question 97

a persons reputation within an ascribed or achieved status. this earned from those who observe them

Answer 97

esteem

Question 98

anything this is embedded through socialization that an be seen valuable. such as someone who grows up wealthy and goes to dinner parties knowing how to act appropriately at these events. anything consciously and unconsciously internalized

Answer 98

embodied cultural capital

Question 99

things that are either material or nonmaterial that are seen as valuable in social setting

Answer 99

institutionalized culture capital

Question 100

any material object of value that person possesses

Answer 100

objectified culture capital

Question 101

a category of people Weber classified as lacking skills, employment, and property. they usually depend on seasonal employment, and make up the very bottom of the class system

Answer 101

negatively privileged property class

Question 102

those weber saw as the top of the class system

Answer 102

positively privileged property class

Question 103

a level of respect one gets for a particular status that sets them apart from others who occupy the same status

Answer 103

political prestige

Question 104

The systematic process by which people are ranked on a scale of social worth and awarded access to valued resources and experiences

Answer 104

social stratification

Question 105

an amorphous group held together by lifestyle or virtue

Answer 105

status group

Question 106

the very bottom class, the negatively privileged underclass who abide in cities with little resources or employment connections

Answer 106

urban underclass

Question 107

the sum of one's income and any other holding such as stocks or home, minus debt

Answer 107

wealth

Question 108

social factors associated with gains and losses in status over the course of a person's lifetime

Answer 108

intragenerational mobility

Question 109

social factors associated with rises and drops in children's status relative to their parents

Answer 109

intergenerational mobility

Question 110

inequality is the mechanism by which societies attract the most qualified people to the most functionally important occupations

Answer 110

functionalist view of social inequality

Question 111

food system are those in which the goal is to maximize profit by speeding up production, increasing the amount of produced while cutting labor cost and the costs of ingredients

Answer 111

industrial food systems

Question 112

from a sociological perspective, formal organizations

Answer 112

continue to exist even as their members die, quit, or return