Exam I Flashcards
(135 cards)
0
Q
Experimental psychology
Focuses on what?
Coined by who?
A
Focus on mental events and separating ideas
1
Q
Father of experimental psychology
A
Wilhelm Wundt
2
Q
Introspection
What is it?
Fathered by?
A
Observing/reporting own mental thoughts
Fathered by Wilhelm Wundt
3
Q
Problems with introspection?
A
Individual differences No way to measure it Constructs Limited to conscious thought Impossible to test
4
Q
Behaviorism
What is it?
When did it come about?
A
Only focusing on observable behaviors; stimuli and rewards/punishment
1st half of 20th century
5
Q
Operant conditioning
Falls under which theory?
What is it?
Which psychologist?
A
Behaviorism
Voluntary behaviors can be modified by the consequences, reinforcement. Sculpting voluntary behavior with positive or negative reinforcement
Skinner
6
Q
Classical conditioning
Falls under which theory?
what is it?
Which psychologist?
A
Behaviorism
Making associations which results in learning
Pavlov
7
Q
Problems with classical conditioning?
A
Discounts free will
Disregards Indiv differences
Biologically driven
8
Q
What showed that the animals also have mental maps?
A
Tolman’s Cognitive Map
9
Q
From introspection and behaviorism, what did psychologists learn?
A
Introspection is not scientific and is limited to conscious events, but we do need to study mental events to further understand behavior
10
Q
Transcendental Method
Coined by?
What is it?
A
Immanuel Kant
Begin with observable facts and then work backwards to determine a cause
11
Q
T or F: studying visible effects from an invisible cause is unique to psychology
A
F
12
Q
How do psychologists indirectly study mental events?
A
Measuring stimuli/responses
Developing hypotheses
Designing new experiments
13
Q
What is working memory?
How do we measure it?
A
Temporary memory storage for online manipulation
The span test
14
Q
Average working memory span in humans is?
A
7 +- 2 items
15
Q
What did Baddeley (and others) suggest about WM?
A
That it is not unitary; it consists of a central executive and 2 assistant components
16
Q
Articulatory rehearsal loop
A
Component of Baddledey’s WM model that deals with auditory and verbal information
17
Q
How can we block sub vocal rehearsal?
A
Concurrent articulation task
18
Q
Concurrent articulation task
A
Mimicking verbalizations while performing another task
19
Q
Sub vocal rehearsal
What is it?
What type of processing?
A
Voice in head
Too down processing
20
Q
Additional evidence that suggests that the verbal span task is mediated by the articulatory loop
A
When people make errors, they generally substitute one letter for another letter with a similar sound.
21
Q
What did they find when asked to verbalize tah tah tah while finger tapping? (Distraction)
A
It did not disrupt the verbal span task
22
Q
Concurrent articulation
A
Book
23
Q
what type of effect did concurrent articulation have on span for non verbalizable shapes?
A
No effect
24
What are the tools and measurements we can make to understand mental events?
Behavior
Differences between cohorts
Neuropsychological testing
25
What 3 parts make up the neural basis for cognition?
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
26
Hindbrain
Located where?
Contains what 3 parts?
Sits on top of spinal cord
| Contains pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
27
Midbrain
| 3 jobs
Coordinate movements
Relays info between ears and forebrain
Feeling pain
28
Forebrain
| Contains what structures
Cerebral structures and sub cortical structures
29
Limbic system
Located where?
Contains what?
What is it?
Forebrain
Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum
Motivation, emotion, memory
30
Cerebral cortex
Part of the what?
Contains what?
Forebrain
| Contains folds that result in increased surface area
31
Is there a predominance of white or grey matter in the forebrain/cerebral cortex? How thick is this matter across it?
Grey matter
| 3mm thick
32
Gyrate
Folds across grey matter
33
Salsite
Fissures across grey matter
34
Longitudinal fissures
the largest and deepest groove between the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
35
What does corpus callosum do?
Allows left and right hemispheres to communicate
36
Corpus callosotomy
Surgical procedure to treat intractable seizures
37
What does a corpus callosotomy result in?
A disconnection of hemispheres from one another
38
where is language function lateralized in most people?
Left hemisphere
39
The effect of ___________ is to shut down any language and/or memory function in that hemisphere in order to evaluate the other hemisphere. Then the patient is engaged in a series of language and memory related tests.
Wada testing
40
Four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
41
Primary sensory and motor areas receive sensory info to/from what?
The thalamus
42
How are primary visual and auditory cortexes organized?
Topographically
43
The primary visual cortex contains a map of _____ space, while the primary auditory cortex contains a map of _______ space.
Visual, frequency
44
What are association areas, aka the association cortex?
Dissociable functional areas of the cerebral cortex
45
Complex cognitive processes are a product of?
Interactions between brain areas
46
What makes up the neural basis for cognition?
Neurons
47
What do neurons do?
Transmit and receive info through electrical and chemical signals
48
What do neurons "speak" to?
Dendrites
49
4 special types of neurons?
Spinal cord neurons
Cerebellum neurons
Cortical neurons
Glia
50
What guides the development of nervous system, repairs damage, controls nutrient flow and speeds signal transmission?
Glia neurons
51
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical released from a neuron into a synaptic gap used for communication
52
What is the synapse?
Location at which two neurons interact
53
Who do neurons typically receive input from?
Many other neurons
54
Excitatory neurons
Tell other neuron to fire
55
Inhibitory neurons
Tell other neuron do not fire
56
The strength of a synaptic connection between two neurons can be what
Altered by experience with each other
57
When will a neuron fire?
When it's thresh hold is met
58
What allows neuron to neuron communication via electrical signaling?
Action potential
59
Do action potentials hold steady frequencies?
No it varies
60
How many different types of photoreceptors does the retina contain? What are they?
2; Rods and cones
61
Which photoreceptor responds to higher sensitivity? Lower?
Cones; rods
62
Where are rods mostly located? Where are cones mostly located?
Periphery; center
63
Has information already been processed once it leaves the retinal ganglion cells?
Yes
64
What type of organization do the receptive fields of retinal/LGN cells have?
A center surround organization
65
Stimulus in the center leads to _______ firing rates, while stimulus in surrounding area leads to ______ firing rates.
Faster; slower
66
V1 stands for?
Primary visual area
67
How are the receptive fields of V1 organized?
Perpendicular
68
What type of processing occurs in V1's neurons and their specialization?
Parallel processing
69
The "what" system
Identification of objects via occipital temporal pathway
70
What is it called when the what system is damaged? What does it consist of?
Visual agnosia; cannot identify objects
71
The where and how system
What is its function?
Via which pathway?
Locations of objects and guiding responses via occipital parietal pathway
72
Problems with reaching for seen objects
Book
73
What is it when parallel processing splits of the processing of stimuli across different parts of the brain?
Binding problem
74
3 ways we solve the binding problem
Spatial position
Neural synchrony
Attention
75
2 reasons why object recognition is important
Crucial for applying knowledge
| Crucial for learning
76
4 components of learning
Visual features
Form
Object identification
Previous Knowledge
77
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
78
6 components of gestalt's principles of perceptual organization
```
Similarity
Proximity
Single Objects
Good continuation
Closure
Simplicity
```
79
Bottom up processing
What type?
Driven by what?
Data driven processing; driven by stimulus
80
Top down processing
what is it
Driven by what
Concept
| Knowledge/expectation driven effects
81
Recognition begins with ________.
Features
82
Small elements that result from organized perception of form
Features
83
3 advantages of a feature based system?
Building blocks
Commonalities for variable objects
Play a role in visual search
84
Are we faster or slower at detecting simple features than combinations of letters?
Faster
85
_______ is often used to study word recognition
Visual masking
86
Visual words can be recognized even with _______ ________ presentation.
Extremely brief
87
High frequency in word recognition
Better recognition than low frequency
88
Low frequency
| Increased recognition resulting from?
Priming
89
Are words themselves recognized more readily or the individual letters of the words?
What is this called?
The word itself
| Word superiority effect
90
3 things that matter most about words in word recognition
Context
Pronouncability
Probability
91
Deficits in processing objects with no vision or memory loss is called
Visual object agnosia
92
Inability to recognize faces, object recognition still intact; double dissociation
Prosopagnosia
93
Brain Area damaged in visual object agnosia
Inferior occipital and temporal areas
94
Brain areas damaged In Prosopagnosia
| Typically which side of that area?
Inferior temporal cortex, typically right side
95
Infants demonstrate ability to track a moving face at how old
30 mins
96
Perception of faces, I like perception of many other objects, is __________ _____________.
Viewpoint dependent
97
Why is facial recognition important in cognition?
We need to be good at interpreting subtle changes in faces and emotions
We need to be able to recognize specific individuals
98
Selective attention
Intentionally attending to specific inputs while ignoring others
99
_____ may get through a channel, but not _____ content.
Form, semantic
100
2 ways we study selective attention
Dichotic listening
| Shadowing tasks
101
2 channels of attention
Attended and unattended channels
102
Other conversations are tuned out but something through unattended channel is noticed when content has high personal significance
Cocktail party effect
103
Observations such as the cocktail party effect have led to _________ theory of attention
Bottleneck
104
Attention is a limited capacity resource. What do we call this
Bottleneck theory of attention
105
When the effects of attention are so strong that we fail to see things right in front of our eyes.
In-attentional blindness
106
Muller Lyer illusion
Items that are not consciously perceived still influence us
107
When does info get through unattended channels? (Theories)
Late selection
| Early selection
108
Late selection
Stimuli that are not attended to have effects on perception
109
Early selection
Electrical brain activity for attended inputs differs within 70 ms from unattended inputs
110
Complex stimuli involve more effort leading to ______ selection
Early
111
Easy stimuli involve less effort leading to _________ selection
Late
112
Previous experience with an item learning to faster and more accurate recognition
Priming
113
What can lead to easier recognition?
Lowering detection threshold
114
______ and ________ demonstrated the two types of priming related to attention
Posner, Snyder
115
2 types of priming and what are they
Stimulus based- does not involve effort, only previous experience
Expectation based- does involve effort and the allocation of limited resources
116
What should subjects in Posner and snyder's experiments do with the high validity/ low validity info?
Low- ignore warning letter, not likely to appear during the decision
High- expect warning letter as it is likely to appear during decision
117
Posner cueing task
What type of task was it?
What did it involve?
What would happen in some trials?
Spatial attention task
Attention cued to one side of space
In some trials a cue signals the correct side of the target will appear and in others it is misleading
118
Spatial attention is a ________ capacity resource and is influenced by _________.
Limited; expectations
119
Shifting spatial attention is or is not the same as moving the eyes?
Not
120
Eye movements typically occur around _____ -_______ ms after the stimulus appears
180-200 ms
121
Shifts in attention within first _____ms after stimulus appears
150ms
122
2 brain areas involved in attention
Parietal and frontal cortexes
123
What results from damage to the right parietal cortex?
Hemispatial neglect
124
Hemispatial neglect
Results from damage to what?
Patients cannot what?
Is it limited to spatial domain or to only perception?
Right parietal cortex
Cannot attend to left side of space
Not limited to either
125
Dividing attention
| Some resources are _____ specific, and these resources have _____ capacity
Task; limited
126
Having multiple types of resources allows us to do what?
Different tasks that utilize different resources at once
127
Memorization is best when processing of the items to be remembered is-
Not competing for resources with other simultaneous tasks
128
Resources recruited by all tasks are called?
| Are they limited or not?
Task general
| They are limited
129
3 types of task general resources and what are they?
Response selection: selects and initiates correct response
Executive control: keeps desired goal in mind; inhibits automatic responses
Error monitoring: keeps tracks of incorrect responses
130
_____ suffers when task general resources are over recruited
Performance
131
How does practice impart the use of cognitive resources?
Practiced skills require less and less task general resources
132
Why does practice improve performance?
To handle all components of a task we break it into parts, which requires less and less attention over time
133
What allows us to illustrate consequences of automaticity?
Stroop testing
134
Where is the downside of automaticity seen?
In tasks that require you to override an automatic response
