Exam III Flashcards
(122 cards)
0
Q
What does communication encompass other than language?
A
Nonverbal means and gestures
1
Q
Why is language important?
A
Unique to humans
Essential for knowledge
Communication
2
Q
Communication is prone to _______
A
Errors
3
Q
Language has a ________ organization
A
Hierarchical
4
Q
Five levels of sentences in language (the language hierarchy) from biggest to smallest
A
Sentence Phrase Word Morpheme Phoneme
5
Q
T or F
All languages share the same basic hierarchal structure
A
True
6
Q
Smallest free form of language
A
Words
7
Q
Smallest unit of sound that can carry meaning in language
A
Morphemes
8
Q
Elementary vowel and consonant sounds are called?
A
Phonemes
9
Q
__________ are produced by modulating the flow of air from the lungs to the mouth and nose.
A
Phonemes
10
Q
Phonemes are classified according to what?
A
Features
11
Q
3 classifications of phonemes
A
Voicing
Manner of production
Place of articulation
12
Q
Voicing
A
Whether vocal cords vibrate or not
13
Q
Manner of production
A
Whether air is fully stopped or merely restricted
14
Q
Place of articulation
A
Where in the mouth the air is restricted
15
Q
We are able to perceive speech with amazing _________.
A
Rapidity
16
Q
How many phonemes per second can we perceive?
A
30
17
Q
How many phonemes per second of NON speech sounds can we perceive?
A
2
18
Q
What is another issue with speech sounds that suggests they are a special class of sounds?
A
Many words have no clear boundaries yet speech segmentation is effortless
19
Q
Speech perception is also influenced by ________ info.
A
Visual
20
Q
Distinctive aspect of human speech perception can be seen in the so called _______ _______.
A
McGurk Effect
21
Q
What does the McGurk effect involve?
A
The synchrony of visual and auditory perceptions
22
Q
Soundtrack indicates one sound while the speakers lips make the movements for a different sound, which makes you likely to hear a compromise sound
A
McGurk effect
23
Q
The McGurk effect does not occur for _______.
A
Non speech sounds
24
How do we perceive speech with such accuracy despite issues?
Use prior knowledge to fill in missing information
25
Involves integrating what we know with what we hear when we perceive speech
Phonemic restoration effect
26
Our categorization of phonemes shows abrupt boundaries even when there is no corresponding abrupt change in the stimuli themselves. This phenomenon is referred to as ________.
Categorical perception
27
3 things infants can do very early pertaining to language
Discriminate human speech from other sounds
Discriminate mothers voice
Discriminate mothers language from another language
28
Language acquisition in humans begins at _________
An early age
29
5 stages of language acquisition
```
Cooing
Babbling
One word utterances
Two word utterances
Basic adult sentence structure
```
30
Comprises largely long vowel sounds or consonant vowel combinations
Cooing
31
Comprises consonant and vowel sounds and repetitions, sounds very similar among infants from different language groups, capable of generating any sound in any language
Babbling
32
Limited in both the vowels and consonants, selective towards sounds in mother tongue
One word utterances
33
Continuing vocabulary acquisition
Basic adult sentence structure
34
Common approach to study stroke and brain damaged patients. Tries to correlate type of language deficit with location of brain damage.
The neuropsychological approach to language
35
Loss of a person's language generation or production resulting from brain damage
Aphasia
36
Frontal cortex aphasia
Broca's aphasia
37
Temporal cortex aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia
38
Which aphasia is damage to the pre frontal cortex?
Broca's
39
Which type of aphasia causes trouble with speech production and speech that is composed of very short and simple sentences (mainly verbs and nouns)
Broca's
40
Which type of aphasia is speech comprehension still intact?
Broca's
41
Which aphasia is reading and writing not as affected?
Broca's
42
Broca's area is involved in which type of speech production
Articulate
43
Which aphasia involves damage to the temporal cortex?
Wernicke's
44
Which aphasia involves trouble with speech comprehension and inability to produce meaningful sentences
Wernicke's
45
Which aphasia is speech production still intact and can string words together but what is said is nonsensical
Wernicke's
46
Which type of aphasia is involved with interpretation and comprehension of speech
Wernicke's
47
What allows us to infer that two functions are independent of each other and subserved by different brain areas? Also allows more specific inferences about the brain
Double dissociation
48
With ___________, we still don't know if brain functions are really independent.
Single dissociation
49
Chimpanzee in an extended study of LA who lived with surrogate parents and was taught ASL
Nim Chimpsky
50
Conclusion of Nim Chimpsky study
Nim did not show any evidence of meaningful behaviors
51
Lots of controversy around methods and criteria for chimp study
Remember this
52
Kanzi the chimp was not formally introduced to yerkish but sat by his adopted mother while she received lessons. What happened with this case?
Mom never learned but Kanzi started using keyboard spontaneously
53
What does the bulk of evidence suggest about animals and language?
While animals may be able to communicate via non verbal language, the languages are not as complex as expressive as is human language.
54
Who asked people to describe their mental images and rate them for vividness?
Sir Francis Galton
55
Early studies of imagery relied on _______, which has a lot of problems that make it nearly invalid
Introspection
56
What studies are concerned with manipulating a task or stimulus variable and measuring the amount of time required by a cognitive process of interest?
Chronometric studies
57
What studies:
Ask participants to manipulate mental images
Observe how long these manipulations take
Chronometric studies of imagery
58
Kosslyn asked participants to answer yes/no questions about their mental images. If participants imagined a cat, they were able to confirm that cats have heads faster than cats have claws. The reverse was true if they were asked to think about cats, not to imagine them. This suggested what?
As the mode of representation changes, so does the pattern of info availability
59
Kosslyn first asked participants to memorize a map that contained various landmarks. They were then asked to scan from one landmark to another on the imagined map. What were the results?
Imagined scanning distance corresponded to real distance
60
Kosslyn asked participants to imagine either a rabbit and a fly or a rabbit and an elephant. Participants were asked to confirm, by inspecting their image, specific questions like does the rabbit have whiskers. What were results?
Response times were proportional to the amount of zoom required
61
What type of experiments suggest that images seem to represent objects and scenes in a fashion that preserves the spatial layout and distance relationships
Image scanning
62
Shepard and his colleagues asked participants to judge whether pairs of shapes were the same or different. Shapes were manipulated so that they were rotated in a given plane. Response time depended on what?
How much shape rotation was needed to compare them
63
What tasks suggest that in some circumstances, visual images are more like mental sculptures than mental pictures?
Mental rotation tasks
64
Visual imagery interferes with detecting dim visual stimuli, and auditory imagery interferes with detecting quiet tones. This suggests that?
Mental imagery seems to use perceptual mechanisms
65
What primes perception?
Imagery
66
Brain areas recruited during perception _______ with those recruited during imagery
Overlap
67
V4 is located where?
Involved with perceiving what?
Damage impairs what?
Lingual gyrus
Perceiving color
Color perception and ability to imagine scenes in color
68
Hemispatial neglect results from damage to the ________.
Right parietal cortex
69
Patients cannot attend to left side of space; can also impair attention towards imagined scenes
Hemispatial neglect
70
_____ imagery may be based in movement or body imagery, or it may be abstract and not tied to any one sense.
Spatial
71
_____ imagery refers to those people who claim to have extremely vivid imagery, distinct from photographic.
Eidetic imagery
72
More often than not, people who have 'photographic' memories are often relying on mnemonic strategies that create rich images
Know this
73
______ is not neutral an goes behind the information given.
Perception
74
________ are present in images
Interpretations
75
Imagery preserves_______
Only one interpretation
76
How are mental images different from pictures?
Based on perception
77
___________ memories are represented as nodes that get activated
Long term
78
Images containing more _____ take longer to bring to mind, which images containing more _____ take longer to create.
Parts
| Detail
79
Memory for ____ imagery words is pretty good.
| Memory for _____ imagery words is less good.
High
| Low
80
Which memory hypothesis suggests that: there are two types of codes representing verbal and visual info independently. Both codes can be used to encode, represent, and retrieve info from memory. Items that can be remembered by both codes may be better remembered than those that can only be represented by one code.
Paivio's Dual Coding Memory Hypothesis
81
What does the studies of memory for pictures suggest about memory systems?
That there is probably one memory system that can work with different types of information
82
_________ are largely efficient and typically accurate that were usually not conscious that were employing them.
Cognitive heuristics
83
3 types of heuristics used when making judgements
Attribute substitution
Availability heuristic
Representative heuristic
84
____________ is a strategy used when there's not easy access to a desired piece if info. Instead, we base our decision on readily available info that we believe is correlated with the desired info.
Attribute substitution
85
Which type of heuristic is often responsible for stereotyping?
Attribute substitution
86
A specific case of attribute substitution. Ease with which examples come to kind are indexed to frequency or likelihood. This can make things seem much more common than they actually are. This is called?
Availability heuristic
87
How to avoid availability bias
Make decisions based on stats instead of media
88
Another instance of attribute substitution where when making a judgement about a member of a category people often assume that the instances of the category resemble the prototype for the category and that the prototype resembles each instance.
Representativeness heuristic
89
Information about the likelihood of an event
Base rate information
90
What should we refer to to avoid using representativeness heuristic?
Base rate
91
Which judgement system refers to thinking that is fast, automatic, and uses heuristics?
System 1
92
Which system refers to thinking that is slower, Effortful, and more likely to be correct?
System 2
93
Whether system 1 or system 2 is used depends on what two things?
How much time available for decision
| How much working memory is available
94
Emphasizing _______ cues statistical reasoning
Chance
95
What increases the likelihood that people will pay attention to base rates?
Background knowledge
96
What type of reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations like stereotyping?
Inductive reasoning
97
What type of reasoning starts out with a general statement or hypothesis and examines the possibilities to reach a logical conclusion?
Deductive reasoning
98
Refers to the bias wherein an individual is more responsive to evidence that confirms one's beliefs and less responsive to evidence that challenges them
Confirmation bias
99
What is confirmation bias stronger towards?
Emotionally charged issues that are deeply entrenched
100
A tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when evidence has completely undermined it
Belief perseverance
101
Logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion. Can be valid or invalid
Categorical syllogisms
102
If a syllogism's conclusion is something people already believe to be true, they are more likely to judge the conclusion as following from the premises it's called?
Belief bias
103
Low level matching strategy between words in premises and those in the conclusions is?
Atmosphere effect
104
If antecedent, then consequent is a _______ statement
Conditional statement
105
For both syllogisms and conditional statements, errors are more likely when:
Negatives are involved
| Terms are abstract
106
If a card has a vowel on one side, it must have an even number on the other side
Wason's four card task
107
Utility theory
Expected value = probability x utility
108
What theory states that people make decisions by calculating the expected value of each of tier options
Utility theory
109
The idea that people make a decision only when they detect what they believe to be a persuasive reason for making that choice
Reason based choice
110
Emotions play a role in decision making which is called _________.
Affective heuristics
111
Body states like a fast heart rate or a tight stomach that is felt when making a decision is called
Somatic markers
112
What is essential for the evaluation of somatic markers and if damaged will cause patients to make risky decisions?
Orbitofrontal cortex OFC
113
The ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience is
Intelligence
114
Who did the studies on identifying children who would benefit from remedial education in the early 20th century
Alfred Binet
115
Formula for IQ
Mental age/chronological age
116
The ___________ relies on numerous subtests to test intelligence such as general knowledge, vocab, comprehension, perceptual reasoning, and puzzles
WAIS
| Weschler adult intelligence scales
117
The ability to deal with new and unusual problems. Includes memory, reasoning and speed of processing
Fluid intelligence
118
Acquired knowledge, including verbal knowledge and experience. Includes vocab and world knowledge
Crystallized intelligence
119
Intelligence needed in day to day settings
Practical intelligence
120
Ability to control own emotions and read others emotions
Emotional intelligence
121
The product of a more complex world and better nutrition which is causing intelligence scores to go up 3 pts per decade
The Flynn Effect
