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Immunology > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

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1
Q

physical barrier of skin is approx

A

2 (sq meters)

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2
Q

physical barrier of mucous membranes is apprx

A

400 (sq meters)

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3
Q
  • prevents attachment of organisms
  • contains many glycoproteins
  • aids in clearing infections
A

mucus

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4
Q

components of innate immune system

A

monocytes
macrophases
neutrophils
dendritic cells

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5
Q

cells that kill and have antigen presentation

A

monocytes/macrophages

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6
Q

cells that are professional killers

A

neurtrophils

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7
Q

cells that are killers

A

natural killer cells

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8
Q

cells that antigen capture in one location and presentation in another

A

dendritic cells

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9
Q

of proteins that are produced by what organ in the complement system

A

20 proteins in liver

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10
Q

cells included in adaptive immune system

A

B cells

T cells

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11
Q

antibodies that don’t kill, but mark a target for destruction (OPSONIZE)
-use modular design

A

B cells

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12
Q

different types of T cells

A

T helper cells
T kiler cells
Regulatory T cells

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13
Q

type of design that B cells use to mix and match, cut and paste different DNA variations

A

modular design

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14
Q

What is required for T cell activation?

A

antigen presentation

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15
Q

cell types that present antigen to T cells

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells

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16
Q

hormone like messengers (proteins) produced by certain immune cells, especially T helper cells, that communicate with other cells and affect immune response

A

cytokines

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17
Q

IL-1, IL-2, INFgamma, TNF are all examples of

A

cytokines

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18
Q

MHC proteins that are found on virtually ALL cells of the body; scanned by killer T cells

A

Class I MHC

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19
Q

MHC proteins that are typically found only on APC; displays what has been killed at battle site (external)

A

Class II MHC

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20
Q

50-70% of circulating WBC’s from myeloid lineage are

A

neutrophils

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21
Q

2 types of lineage in immune system

A

myeloid

lymphoid

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22
Q

20-40% of circulating WBC’s are from:

A

lymphoid lineage

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23
Q

functions of complement system:

A

opsonization (mark bad guys)
act as chemical signals to attract phagocytes
make MACs (membrane attack complexes)

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24
Q

system that requires activation through alternate, lectin or classical pathways

A

complement system

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25
two pathways for complement protein activation that are NOT dependent on antibodies
alternate | lectin
26
only pathway for complement protein activation that IS dependent on antibodies
classical
27
pathway in which certain complement proteins "spontaneously" activate and attach to surfaces
alternate
28
C3 spilts in two parts in alternate pathway
C3a C3b
29
any surface not protected against binding by complement fragments will be targets for destruction in which pathway? (default option)
alternate
30
molecule that will either get *neutralized* by water within 60 microseconds OR bind to *BACTERIA surface --> AMINO or HYDROXYL groups*
C3b (alternate pathway)
31
most abundant complement protein
C3
32
C3bBb interacts with C5 and result in:
membrane attack complex
33
C3a and C5a (chemoattractants) ATTRACT and ACTIVATE:
macrophages | neutrophils
34
three protection proteins
MCP (CD46) DAF protectin (CD59)
35
mannose-binding lectin protein (MBL) is produced primarily in the
liver
36
carbohydrates/monosaccharide that is found on the surface of many pathogens (YEAST, VIRUSES, BACTERIA, and PARASITES)
mannose
37
_____ activates the complement system by binding MASP which clips C3 to make C3b
MBL (mannose-binding lectin protein)
38
more than 1/2 macrophages are located in
spleen
39
two most important professional phagocytes
macrophages | neutrophils
40
``` professional killer found under skin, lungs, intestines -can be in: resting activated or primes hyperactive ```
macrophages
41
casually eating or snacking slowly proliferating express very few class II MHCs live for few months in tissue
resting macrophage
42
resting macrophage converts to this after receiving a signal that there are bad guys in area - eat much more - express MORE class II MHCs - work much more with helper T cells
primed macrophage
43
chemical signal that can "prime" a macrophage
interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
44
primed macrophage converts to this after receiving *DIRECT* signal from a bad guy
hyperactive macrophage
45
``` macrophage that stop proliferating focuses all its attention on killing grows larger increases rate of eating increased number of lysosomes increased production of ROS dumps toxic contents on the bigger bad guys ```
hyperactive macrophage
46
antigen presenting cell and killer when activated garbage collector while resting VICIOUS killer when hyperactivated
macrophage
47
about 20 billion in the blood; most cells are within a millimeter of blood capillary short lived (5 days) can exit blood and be activated in about 30 minutes sends out powerful SIGNAL molecule TNF
neutrophil
48
adhesion molecule expressed by ENDOTHELIAL cells that line blood vessels bing to selectin ligand
selectin
49
adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of neutrophils
selectin ligand
50
adhesion molecule always expressed on lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells
ICAM
51
pre-made and rapidly transported to the surface of neutrophils after being signals strong BINDs to ICAM
integrin
52
when macrophages are primed/hyperactive, they express
IL-1 | TNF
53
capillary endothelial cells express
SEL
54
neutrophils strategy for leaving blood
roll and stop
55
neutrophils transport this adhesion molecule to its surface really fast, which binds to *ICAM* to STOP
INT
56
adhesion molecule that is always on the endothelial capillary cells
ICAM
57
adhesion molecule that is on the neutrophil at all time
SLIG
58
adhesion molecule that MUST be EXPRESSED before the neutrophil invades
SEL
59
adhesion molecule that MUST be RELEASED before neutrophil invades
INT
60
incredible eaters emit harsh chemistry send out powerful signal molecules TNF
neutrophils
61
give off cytokines | force cells to commit suicide
natural killer cells
62
- pokes a hole in the membrane like the complement system | - inject enzymes that cause the cell to die (apoptosis)
perforin
63
ligand on NK cell that binds to Fas protein on invader | *INTERACTION TRIGGERS SUICIDE/apoptosis*
Fas
64
NK cells that: - DON'T KILL SIGNAL - Recognize normal molecules being produce in your cells
MHC I
65
NK cell that: - binds to unusual carbohydrate or protein on cell's surface - KILL signal - recognize molecules being produced by virus or cancerous cell - kill cells not expressing MHC molecules
activating receptor (PRRs)
66
NK cell that: - binds Fc region of IgG - Ab forms a bridge between target and NK cell - Causes NK cell to kill target (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
IgG3 receptor
67
growth factor that causes NK cells to proliferate when expressing IL-2 receptors
IL-2
68
signals that activate NK cells
lack of MHCs LPS IFN-alpha IFN-beta TNF from hyperactivated macrophages unregulated NK cell IL-2 receptors IL-12 from primed or hyper activated macrophages
69
molecule usually given off by cells under viral attack
interferons
70
main job of B cells
make antibodies
71
3 billion of these cells in the blood, 1 billion new produced every day and *majority never find their defender*
B cells
72
"Y" shaped protein that attach to antigens (carb/protein)
antibodies
73
something that causes the immune system to create antibodies, specifically targeting that something
antigen
74
antigen that a given B cell's receptor recognize
cognate antigen
75
part of ANTIGEN that the antibody recognizes and attaches
epitope
76
part of ANTIBODY that recognizes and attaches to the epitope
paratope
77
two functions of antibodies use like any other protein
transcribe | translate
78
multiple copies of 4 gene segments that code the antibody's heavy chain
modular design
79
Heavy chain gene segment
VDJC
80
antibodies attached to the surface are called _______ -- they are ALL THE SAME when on the surface
b cell receptors
81
distance that B cells can attack from vs. distance that T cells can attack from
b cells- can be far | t cells- have to be right next to cell
82
Most B calles are:
naive or virgin cells
83
two signals that all B cells need to be activated
clustering of B cell receptors | co-stimulatory signal (T cell dependent or independent)
84
multiple antigens bind to BCRs and the BCRs cluster interact with Ig-alpha or Ig-beta inside of cell when cluster is big enough, its creates a signal to:
activate nucleus
85
BCRs + complement receptor + receptor -->
decrease cluster for signal
86
- B cell meets its cognate antigen or protein (some of cognate antigen is endocytosed) - T cell meets its cognate antigen (peptide fragment from B cells cognate antigen
t cell dependent co-stimulation
87
when antigens have repeating patterns and will heavily cluster the BCRs - antigen binds to B cell molecules that are no BCRs - results in polyclonal activation of B cells
t cell independent co-stimulation
88
Most B cells become
plasma cells (some become memory cells)

Immunology (2 decks)

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