Key Concepts- Exam I Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
physical barrier with greatest surface area
A
mucous membrane (400 sq meters)
2
Q
physical barrier with least surface area
A
skin (2 sq meters)
3
Q
parts of innate immune system
A
complement proteins
neutrophils
macrophages/moncytes
4
Q
parts of adaptive immune system
A
B cells
T cells
5
Q
type of cell that is important bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems
A
dendritic cells
6
Q
complement protein activation that is dependent on antibodies
A
classical pathway
7
Q
complement protein activation that is independent of antibodies
A
alternate pathway MBL pathway (lectin)
8
Q
functions of complement system
A
opsonize
kill
chemoattrants
building MACs
9
Q
state that macrophages are good antigen presenter
A
primed
10
Q
state that macrophages are garbage collectors
A
resting
11
Q
state that macrophage receives direct signal from invader
A
hyperactive
12
Q
function of ICAM on surface of endothelial cells
A
binds INTEGRIN on surface of neutrophil to stop neutrophil from rolling
13
Q
ICAM is expressed on surface of
A
endothelial cell
14
Q
SLIG is expressed on surface of
A
neutrophil
15
Q
when endothelial cells alarmed, they EXPRESS
A
SLIG (not very strong signal)
16
Q
Neutrophil brings _____ to surface
A
integrin
17
Q
once neutrophil is stopped, what prys apart endothelial cells
A
chemoattractants (C5a)
18
Q
two inflammatory signals that a neutrophil recognizes
A
LPS
C5a
19
Q
When INT appears on neutrophil surface, it interacts with
A
ICAM (very strong)
20
Q
cytokine that activates neutrophils
A
TNF
21
Q
cytokine that activates/primes macrophages
A
IFN-y
22
Q
hyperactive macrophages secrete 2 things:
A
TNF
IL-12
23
Q
organ that is primary source of complement proteins
A
liver
24
Q
major role of TNF
A
mediates inflammation
25
molecule that is native to bacteria cell wall that can bind and stimulate BOTH NK cells and macrophages
LPS
26
receptors that bind to MHC I receptors displaying peptide fragment elicit what response:
don't kill
27
receptors that bind to activating receptors (PAMPs) displaying peptide fragment elicit what response:
kill
28
NK cells produce:
IFN-y
| IL-2
29
molecules that can activate NK cells
LPS
IFN-alpha
IFN-beta
30
cells that kill by poking holes in cell of membrane of invader
complement
31
cells that kill by forcing cells to commit suicide
NK cells
32
cells that kill by phagocytosis (increase # of lysosomes, increased production of ROS)
macrophages
33
pokes a hole in membrane like the complement system- forces apoptosis
perforin
34
interaction that triggers suicide
Fas ligand bing to Fas protein
35
receptors that bind to IgG3 receptors displaying peptide fragment elicit what response:
bind Fc region of IgG
| causes NK cell to kill target (cellular toxicity)
36
Natural killers do not have ____ cell receptors
T cell
37
warning proteins that activate NK cells
IFN-alpha or IFN-beta
38
most abundant antibody in blood
IgG
39
most abundant antibody in body
IgA
40
antibodies that CAN fix complements
IgM IgG
41
antibody that defends against parasites, causes shock and and allergies
IgE
42
antibody that helps NK cells kill through *antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
IgG
43
antibody CLASS is determined on what part of antibody
Fc region of heavy chain (TAIL)
44
an antibody tethered to a B cell membrane
b cell receptor
45
mature B cells produce _____ kind of B cell receptor or antibody
ONE kind
46
how many B cells in blood are identical
VERY few (< 50)
47
Most ______ never find their cognate antigen
B cells
48
part of antibody that binds to antigen
"top of Y" HEAVY and LIGHT chains
49
part of *ANTIGEN* that recognizes and attaches
epitope
50
part of *ANTIBODY* that recognizes and attaches
paratope
51
VDJC gene segment on chromosome 14 in human codes for what
heavy antibody chain
52
VJC gene segment codes for what structure
light antibody chain
53
portion of B cell receptor generates activation INSIDE of cell
Ig-alpha
| Ig-beta
54
portion of B cell receptor that generates activation ( by recognizing antigen) OUTSIDE of cell
heavy chain and light chain
55
gene segment in humans with 40 diff variations
V
56
gene segment in humans with 25 diff variations
D
57
gene segment in humans with 6 diff variations
J
58
gene segment in humans with 10 diff variations
C
59
receptor on B cell that can bind to *HELPER T CELL* which acts as a co-stimulatory signal
CD40
60
B cell activation can be dependent or independent of:
T cells
61
mix and match strategy of *modular design* helps create:
antibody diversity
62
WITHOUT t cells, B cells can activate by 2 ways:
pattern recognition
| clustering of BCRs
63
maturation of B cells involves 3 things:
class switching
hypermutation
decision to be plasma or memory cell
64
cells that only live for a few days, and usually go back to bone marrow or spleen
produce approx 2000 antibodies/sec
plasma cell
65
without T cells, only antibody that can be made is _______ and NO CLASS SWITCHING can occur
IgM
66
cells that lives for greater than 50 years, and decline post-immunization
memory B cells
67
region on antibody for class switching
Fc region
68
region of antibody for somatic hypermutation
Fab region
69
MHC class displayed on virtually all cells
MHC I
70
MHC class that is open at both ends, can display exogenous peptides that are usually 13-25 AA long and expressed *exclusively* on cells of immune system
MHC II
71
what prevents MHC II molecule from displaying endogenous peptides
invariant chain
72
cells that present loaded MHC II to *RE-STIMULATE* experienced T cells?
activated macrophages
73
MHC II class checks the ____ of cell for _____ cells
outside
| helper T
74
MHC I class checks the ____ of cell for ____ cells
inside
| killer T
75
type of cell that expresses B7, does NOT KILL, and activates* virgin T cells* and CAN TRAVEL -- NOT very good APC cell --
activated dendritic cells
76
type of cell that does NOT travel, KILLS, and re-stimulates experienced T cells
activated macrophages
77
type of cell that is able to present antigens for helper T cells; **able to concentrate antigen for presentation**
activated B cells
78
MHC complex presents antigen to ____ cells
T cells
79
ALL antigen presenting cells must be ______ before they can function
activated
80
protein displayed by BOTH activated macrophages and activated dendritic cells acts as co-stimulatory molecule to amplify the effect of MHC II presentation and binds to CD28 receptor on helper T cell
B7
81
activated dendritic cells have ____ life
short life (approx 1 week)
82
APC that is capable of concentrating antigen for presentation to T cells?
activated B cells
83
PRR found on dendritic cells
toll-like receptors
84
cell type that is NOT likely to be found beneath surface of normal non-infected mucous membrane
neutrophil (usually found in blood)
85
complement protein that is very reactive and will bind to an amine or hydroxyl group and initiates complement cascade (also neutralized to H2O)
C3b
86
MAC associated with:
complement proteins
87
killed by apoptosis is associated with:
NK cells
88
cells that only function is phagocytosis and *present antigen*
activated macrophages
89
only function is phagocytosis
neutrophils
90
difference between BCRs and antibody
```
antibody= free floating
BCRs= attached to membrane
```
91
structure where APCs and lymphocytes (B and T cells) can concentrate which can increase likelihood of lymphocyte finding its cognate antigen
lymph node
92
cells that constantly bring back antigen to lymph node
dendritic cells
93
function of Fc receptor on NK cell
binds to tail of antibody that has opsonized a target
94
antibody found on surface of mast cell
IgE
95
fate of most B cells as they are maturing
fail to produce effective receptor and die
96
are macrophages capable of producing complement proteins
YES
97
antibody that is a dimer
IgA
98
antibodies that are monomers
IgG, IgE
99
antibody that can readily cross placenta and confer passive immunity on fetus and neonate
IgG
100
antibody with passive immunity from kissing babies/breast milk
IgA
101
desired result of somatic hypermutation by mature B cells
increase affinity of Fab region on antibody to its cognate antigen
102
receptor on T CELL which acts as a co-stimulator
CD40L
103
MHC class that ONLY presents antigens
MHC II
104
CD8 killer cells scan which MHC class
I
105
CD4 killer cells scan which MHC class?
II
106
normal function of invariant chain
prevents MHC II molecules from presenting endogenous peptides
107
which lymphocytes scan MHC I complexes
killer T cells
108
b cells can potentially recognize what 3 things as antigen
CHO
fats
proteins
