Exam I Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Biopsychosocial model of psychopathology
A
Psychopathology develops from an interaction of biological, psychological and social factors
2
Q
Diathesis-stress model of psychopathology
A
Predisposition / Vulnerability (diathesis) + stress (alcohol, drugs, etc)
3
Q
Pituitary gland
A
- Known as the Master Gland
- Controls secretion of other endorcrine glands
- Produces largest number of different hormones
- Produces hormones that influence secretions of the thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads and growth hormones
4
Q
Corticiotropin release factor
A
- Stimulates pituitary to release body’s major stress hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- Carried from the hypothalamus to the pituitary through a channel like structure
5
Q
HPA axis
A
Theories suggest that dysregulation or malfunctioning of this system result in anxiety and depression.
-Individuals with dysregulated HPA axis may have abnormal physiological reactions to stress that make it more difficult to cope, resulting in symptoms of anxiety depression.
6
Q
Polygenic process
A
Takes multiple genetic abnormalities coming together in one individual to create a specific disorder
-Physiological disorders like diabetes, coronary heart disease, epilepsy, and cleft lip and palate
7
Q
Multi-gene process
A
Takes multiple genetic abnormalities coming together in one individual to create a specific disorder
-Physiological disorders like diabetes, coronary heart disease, epilepsy, and cleft lip and palate
8
Q
Epigenetics
A
- Study of heritable changes in the expression of genes without change in the gene sequence
- Environmental conditions can affect the expression of genes
- DNA can be chemically modified by different environmental conditions, resulting in genes being turned on or off
9
Q
3 Ways genes and environment are believed to interact
A
- Genetic factors can influence the kinds of environments we choose, which then reinforce our genetically influenced personalities and interests
- Environment can act as a catalyst for a genetic tendency (ex: s allele on seretonin transporter gene can increase chance of depression, but does not determine if one will develop depression)
- Epigenetics
10
Q
3 Causes of abnormality on which biological approaches often focus
A
- Brain dysfunction
- Biochemical imbalances
- Genetic abnormalities
11
Q
What factors can lead to brain dysfunction?
A
- Injury (ex: car accident)
- Diseases that cause deterioration (schizophrenia)
12
Q
4 major types of psychotropic medications
A
- Antipsychotic
- Antidepressant
- Lithium
- Antianxiety
13
Q
Antipsychotic drugs
A
Reduce symptoms of psychosis (loss of reality testing, hallucinations, delusions)
14
Q
Antidepressant drugs
A
Reduce symptoms of depression (sadness, loss of appetitie, sleep disturbances)
15
Q
Lithium
A
Reduce symptoms of mania (agitation, excitement, grandiosity)
16
Q
Antianxiety
A
Reduce symptoms of anxiety (fearfulness, worry, tension)
17
Q
ECT
A
Electroconvulsive therapy
- series of treatments in which a brain seizure is induced by passing electrical current through patient’s brain.
- Patients are first anesthetized and given muscle relaxants so that they are not conscious when they have the seizure and their muscles do not jerk violently during it
- Metal electrodes taped to head, and current of 70-150 V passes through one side of brain for 1/2 second.
- Typical convulsion lasts about 1 min.
- 6-12 sessions = full series
- Side effects = confusion and memory loss
- improvement with moderate depression
18
Q
rTMS
A
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
-repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures
19
Q
Deep Brain Stimulation
A
- Electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain
- Connected to pulse generator placed under the skin and delivers stimulation to specific brain areas
20
Q
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
A
- Electrodes attached to vagus nerve, a part of the NS that carries info to several areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus and amydala
- Electrodes connected to pulse generator that delivers stimulation to vagus nerve, which in turn travels to targeted areas of the brain
21
Q
Implosion Therapy
A
Exposes individual to dreaded/feared stimulus while preventing avoidant behavior
22
Q
Systematic desensitization
A
Pairs the implementation of relaxation techniques with hierarchical exposure to the aversive stimulus
23
Q
Escape conditioning
A
Operant - idea that behavior is more likely to be repeated if it results in the cessation of a negative event
24
Q
Avoidance conditioning
A
Subject learns behavior preventing the occurrence of an aversive stimulus
25
Causal attribution
The answer to why an event happened to us
Ex: Acting rude b/c
1. They were rude first
2. I am a rude person
26
Global assumption
Broad beliefs about ourselves, our relationships, and the world
Examples:
1. I should be loved by everyone for everything I do
2. I must have perfect self-control
27
2 leaders/founders in the field of cognitive therapy
1. Albert Ellis
| 2. Aaron Beck
28
Cognitive Model's 3 elements of interaction
1. Thoughts
2. Feelings
3. Behaviors
29
11 Cognitive Distortions
1. Polarized thinking
2. Overgeneralization
3. Personalizing
4. Self-fulfilling prophecy
5. Mind Reading
6. Catastrophizing
7. Control fallacies
8. Filtering
9. Emotional reasoning
10. Global labeling
11. Shoulds
30
Polarized thinking
CD - World is seen in extremes w/ no in betweens
31
Overgeneralization
CD - One fact becomes an all encompassing rule or law w/o questioning it
32
Personalizing
CD - Assuming that everything revolves around you
33
Self-fulfilling prophecy
CD - Belief that a a certain outcome will happen leads a person to unconsciously behave in such a way as to make that outcome true
34
Mind Reading
CD - Assuming what someone else is thinking w/o asking for feedback
35
Catastrophizing
CD - Belief that the world will come to an end if a particular event does or doesn't occur
36
Control Fallacies
CD - Belief that you have total responsibility for everyone/thing OR that you have no control and are a helpless victim
37
Filtering
CD - Focusing on only negative feedback, ignoring or minimizing any positive feedback
38
Emotional reasoning
CD - I feel X, therefore I must be X
39
Global Labeling
CD - Use of derogatory labels to describe self and actions
40
Shoulds
CD - Very strict rules we have for ourselves and others, & feeling of guilt when we break them & angry at others when they do
41
IPT
Interpersonal therapy;
- Stuctured and directive therapy, offereing interpretations earlier and focussing on how to change current relationships
- Short-term therapy - about 12 weeks
- emerged from moder psychodynamic approach to client's pattern of relationships
42
Founder of humanistic theory
Carl Rogers
43
Goal of humanistic therapy
To help clients discover their greatest potential through self-exploration
44
Self-actualization
Fulfillment of one's potential for love, creativity, and meaning
45
3 characteristics Rogers believed were necessary to therapists to possess in order to be sucessful humanistic therapists
1. Authenticity
2. Unconditional positive regard for the patient
3. Empathetic understanding
46
How do family systems therapists conceptualize psychological disorders?
Problem is not an individual one, but an indication of a dysfunctional family system
47
Characteristics of families that can be problematic
1. Inflexible
2. Enmeshed
3. Disengaged
4. Pathological triangular relationships
48
Pathological triangular relationships
Parents avoid dealing with conflicts with one another by always keeping their kids involved in their conversations and activities
49
DBT
Dialectical Behavior Therapy; focuses on difficulties in managing negative emotions and in controlling impulsive behaviors
- Involves a # of behavioral and cognitive techniques, as well as mindfulness exercises aimed at increasing:
- problem solving skills
- interpersonal skills
- skill at managing negative emotions
50
ACT
Acceptance and commitment therapy; experiential avoidance (avoidance of painful thoughts, memories and feelings) is at the heart of many mental health problems
-Accepting one's feelings, thoughts, and past and learning to be present in the moment are key to positive change
- relate to their thoughts differently
- be present in the moment
- accept emotions
- commit to changing behaviors in accord with individual's goals and values
51
According to sociocultural approaches, what are four ways in which factors outside of the individual and family can create or maintain psychological disorders?
1. Socioeconomic disadvantage
2. Upheaveal and disintegration of societies due to war, famine, and natural disaster
3. Social norms and policies that stigmatize and marginalize certain groups; even if they do not suffer socioeconomic stress
4. Implicit or explicit rules about what types of abnormal behavior are acceptable
52
Information processing and systems theory
1. Emotional disorder is a universal human experience, even in many of its specific manifestations
2. Pattern and experience of emotional disorder can be strongly influenced by the amount and types of info that are obtained from the persons, families, and society around that individual, while the diagnosis and treatment are likewise affected by that information
53
Culture-bound syndrome
Some disorders defined in one culture do not seem to occur in other cultures
54
Primary prevention program
Stopping the development of disorders before they start
55
Secondary prevention program
Detecting a disorder at its earliest stages and thereby preventing the development of the full-blown disorder
56
Tertiary prevention program
Already have a disorder; preventing relapse and reducing the impact of the disorder on the person's quality of life
57
3 Common elements in effective treatments
1. Positive relationship with therapist
2. Provide client w/ explanation or interpretation of why they are suffering
3. Encourage clients to confront painful emotions and use techniques for helping them become less sensitive to those emotions
58
10 general findings regarding the efficacy of psychotherapy
1. Psychotherapy is effective; the avg. person who is treated is about 75% better off than untreated control subjects
2. Long-term treatment is better than short-term treatment
3. No specific treatment modality is clearly better for some disorders
4. Medication plus psychotherapy is not consistently better than psychotherapy alone
5. The curative effects of psychotherapy are often more long term than those of medication
6. The effective use of psychotherapy can reduce the costs of physical disorders
7. There is no clear evidence that psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers differ in treatment effectiveness
8. All 3 of these groups are more effective than counselors or long-term family doctoring
9. Clients whose length of therapy or choice of therapy was limited by insurance or managed care did worse than those w/o such limits
10. About 5% of persons who seek treatment do get worse, usually not markedly so
59
5 Stages of change peeple typically go through (Prochanska, DiClemene, Norcross, 1992)
1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
60
Precontemplation
1st Stage of Change
| -Person avoids any confrontation of true issues and generally denies realistic consequences
61
Contemplation
2nd Stage of Change
-At least some acknowledgement of responsibility and problematic consequences and at least a minimal openness to the possibility of change, although effective change has not yet been instituted
62
Preparation
3rd Stage of Change
-Decision point. There is enough acknowledgement of problematic behaviors and consequences that the person can make the required cognitive shift to initiate change
63
Action
4th Stage of Change
-There is a higher sense of self-liberation or willpower, generating sets of behaviors toward positive coping and away from situations that condition the undesired behavior
64
Maintenance
5th Stage of Change
-Efforts are directed toward remotivation and developing skills and patterns that avoid relapse and promote a positive lifestyle
65
Standardization
Improve validity and reliability by controlling
| administration and interpretation of tests
66
Mini-mental state exam
Brief 30-point questionnaire that is used to screen for cognitive impairment; commonly used to screen for dimentia
67
Meta-analysis
Statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies
1. Thorough literature search
2. Transform results of each study into a statistic common across all studies (called effect size)
3. Examine average effect size across studies and relate the effect size to characteristics of the study, such as:
- year of publication
- type of measure used
- age/gender of participants
Ex: meta-analysis of children's depression studies found a decrease in depression in more recent years compared to past
68
Effect size
Meta-analysis statistic; gives indication of how big the differences are between two groups or how large the relationship is between two continuous variables
69
Strengths of meta-analysis
1. Large sample sizes by pooling data
| 2. More power to find significant effects
70
Weaknesses of meta-analysis
1. Some studies in pool may have methodological flaws
| 2. File drawer effect
71
File drawer effect
Meta-analysis term; Studies that do not support the hypothesis they are designed to test are less likely to get published than studies that do
72
CBT
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy;
- Provide education about connection between thoughts, emotions, and behavior
- 3 column technique to record distorted thoughts
73
3 Phases of abnormality along the continuum
1. Normal
2. Socially established division between normal and abnormal
3. Abnormal
74
Trephination
Treatment for abnormality in the Stone Age and well into the Middle Ages
-drill holes in the skull of a person displaying abnormal behavior to allow the spirits to depart
75
General paresis
disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventulaly death (mid-1800's)
-Syphilis leads to paresis
76
Founders of psychoanalytic theory
- Mesmer (hypnosis)
- Bernheim, Liebault, Charcot
- Freud
77
Founders of behavioral theory
- Pavlov
- John Watson
- Thorndike
- B.F. Skinner
78
Founders of cognitive theory
- Albert Bandura
- Albert Ellis
- Aaron Beck
79
What is the NCS and NCS-R and their findings
National Comorbidity Study and Replication
- Lifetime prevalence rate of mental disorders is over 50%
- Anxiety disorders most prevalent category
- Most common specific disorders are major depression, specific phobias, and alchohol abuse
- 1/2 with severe disorder had comorbid disorder
- 7% of those with mild disorder had comorbid disorder
80
Comorbidity
Two or more disorders in the same person at the same time
81
% of those diagnosable as mentally ill that receive any treatment
20-30%
82
% of treated individuals that receive treatment from mental health specialist
20%
83
Mini-mental state exam
Brief 30-point questionnaire that is used to screen for cognitive impairment; commonly used to screen for dimentia
84
3 Phases of abnormality along the continuum
1. Normal
2. Socially established division between normal and abnormal
3. Abnormal
85
Trephination
Treatment for abnormality in the Stone Age and well into the Middle Ages
-drill holes in the skull of a person displaying abnormal behavior to allow the spirits to depart
86
General paresis
disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventulaly death (mid-1800's)
-Syphilis leads to paresis
87
Founders of psychoanalytic theory
- Mesmer (hypnosis)
- Bernheim, Liebault, Charcot
- Freud
88
Founders of behavioral theory
- Pavlov
- John Watson
- Thorndike
- B.F. Skinner
89
Founders of cognitive theory
- Albert Bandura
- Albert Ellis
- Aaron Beck
90
What is the NCS and NCS-R and their findings
National Comorbidity Study and Replication
- Lifetime prevalence rate of mental disorders is over 50%
- Anxiety disorders most prevalent category
- Most common specific disorders are major depression, specific phobias, and alchohol abuse
- 1/2 with severe disorder had comorbid disorder
- 7% of those with mild disorder had comorbid disorder
91
Comorbidity
Two or more disorders in the same person at the same time
92
Overall median age of emotional disorder onset
< 25 yrs.
93
Syndrome
- set of symptoms
| - observable manifestation of an underlying biological disorder
94
6 Ethical issues in research
1. Understanding the study
2. Confidentiality
3. Right to refuse or withdraw participation
4. Informed consent
5. Deception
6. Debriefing
95
Book's criteria to define abnormality
1. Deviations
2. Dysfunction
3. Distress
4. Dangerousness
96
Cavanaugh's criteria to define abnormality
1. Deviations
2. Dysfunction
3. Distress
97
Deviation
From popular norms
98
Dysfunction
Behavior is maladaptive
99
Distress
Behavior causes concern to the individual or those close to him/her
100
Prevalence of a disorder
Proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or period in time
101
Epidemiology
study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population
- How many people in a pop have disorder
- How the # varies across important groups of the pop (men, women, high, low income)
102
Incidence
Number of new cases of the disorder, or the number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specified period of time
103
3 foci of epidemiological studies
1. Prevelance
2. Incidence
3. Risk factors
104
What are some ways epidemiological studies can be biased?
1. Cannot establish that any risk factor causes a disorder
| 2. Third variables may explain the relationship between any risk factor and the rates of a disorder
105
What did early Chinese believe caused psychological disorders?
- If the two forces of yin and yang were in balance, the person was healthy
- If not, illness, including insanity would result
106
What did Greek physicians such as Hippocrates believe caused psychological disorders?
- Thought abnormal behavior was like other diseases of the body
- All diseases were caused by imbalances in the body's essential humors (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile)
107
What important things did Emil Kraeplin do?
1. Published a textbook emphasizing the importance of brain pathology in psychological disorders
2. Developed scheme for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is the basis for our modern classification systems
108
Clinical vs. Statistical significance
A relax-ation technique may produce an average decrease of two points of blood pressure, hardly of clinical significance. But, if the sample size is huge, this will attain “statistical” significance, and may confer some undeserved validity on the relaxation technique.
109
Dualistic thinking
Simplifies things to separate the self into mind and body, psychology and biology
110
Law of Parsimony
If two hypothesis are equally powerful in explaining data, one should prefer the simpler hypothesis
111
Frye rule
- "It is sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular fild to which it belongs"
- Established by a federal appeals court in 1923
112
Multiple baseline design
Intervention given to same individual but in different settings or to different individuals at different points in time
113
Defense mechanism
strategy the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes
114
5 Findings from the Weston (1998) paper that support psychoanalytic theory
1. The preponderance of feelings, motives, and thoughts are unconscious
2. Childhood and early development play a critical role in personality and adult relationships
3. Mental processes, including emotion and affect, often operate in parallel, and can be in direct opposition to each other
4. Mental representations of the self and others influence social interactions and may generate psychological symptoms
5. Mature personality development involves learning to regulate sexual and aggressive impulses, and from a dependent to an independent state
