Flashcards in Exam I Deck (76):
1
2-
partial ROM in gravity eliminated position
2
functional muscle testing
groups muscles together based on common osteokinematic motion - used for assessing which transfer to use
3
Purpose of ROM measurement (6)
(1) determine impairments, (2) diagnosis, (3) develop prognosis, treatment goals & POC, (4) modify treatment, (5) determine progress, (6) determine effectiveness of treatment
4
Osteokinematics
gross joint motion
5
muscle length can affect what 3 aspects?
alignment, ROM, strength
6
optimal test position for MMT of 2-joint muscle
midrange
7
how do you move joint in a gravity eliminated position?
perpendicular to pull of gravity
8
normal ROM for shoulder extension
60 degrees
9
normal ROM for cervical side flexion
22 degrees
10
3-
full ROM against gravity, but can't hold
11
4
moderate pressure
12
what is abnormal muscle length
reduced or
excessive flexibility and
extensibility
13
define muscle length
the maximal distance between distal and
proximal attachments of a muscle
14
1
no visible movement but can palpate/observe contraction
15
body of goniometer
part that has numbers for measurement
16
factors affecting AROM (4)
(1) willingness to move, (2) coordination, (3) strength, (4) amount of motion
17
purpose of muscle length testing
to determine if muscle length is normal, limited or excessive
18
connective tissue adhesions including peri-articular
these tissue overlap and adhere to each other
19
characteristics of normal ROM
smooth, full range, pain free, normal strength, & relaxation of antagonists
20
what is the difference between range of joint motion & range of muscle length?
range of joint motion is mobility (e.g. hypermobility/hypomobility) and range of muscle length is the length of a muscle at a joint/joints
21
5
can hold test against strong pressure; unable to break patient's position
22
what are two reasons validity would be poor for goinometric measurements?
poor stabilization & movements of joint axis during measurement
23
firm end feel
capsular stretch, ligament, muscle
24
normal ROM for cervical extension
50 degrees
25
which type of muscle can shorten through a full ROM?
a 1-joint muscle; 2-joint muscles can't contract through full ROM
26
normal ROM for ER
90 degrees
27
4+
mod-strong pressure
28
factors affecting muscle flexibility & extensibility (5)
(1) prolonged immobilization, (2) restricted joint mobility, (3) neuromuscular diseases, (4) traumatic tissue pathology, (5) connective tissue diseases
29
normal ROM for shoulder flexion
180 degrees
30
2
full ROM in gravity eliminated position
31
normal ROM for cervical flexion
40 degrees
32
0
no movement or contraction
33
clinically, which side do you test first?
uninvolved side
34
what is normal muscle length
has the flexibility
and extensibility required
to allow normal joint
motion
35
3
against gravity (Full ROM); no pressure applied
36
when measuring ROM, what is done to the distal segment of joint?
taken through full range of motion
37
normal ROM for shoulder abduction
180 degrees
38
MLT involves elongating the muscle in what direction?
direction opposite of its action
39
normal ROM for cervical rotation
50 degrees
40
hard end feel
bone/cartilage
41
pennate muscles
fibers run obliquely (ex. rectus femoris)
42
what are the terms associated with muscle strength grading?
5 - normal
4 - good
3 - fair
2 - poor
1 - trace
0 - none
43
what concept is important to consider to 2-joint muscle when measuring muscle length?
passive insufficency; 2-joint muscles do not have sufficient extensibility
to lengthen through full ROM for both joints
simultaneously
44
3+
minimal pressure
45
Arthrokinematic
occurs at joint surface, can't be seen
46
passive insufficiency
full range of motion of a joint is limited due to the length of the muscle (as opposed to ligaments or structural inhibition)
47
4-
min-moderate pressure
48
Inclinometer
similar to a level, uses air or liquid
49
pseudomyostatic contracture
muscle maintained in a central nervous system pathology that is maintaining the muscle in a constant state of contracture (causes increased tone)
50
break test
when examiner applies external pressure to force patient to
give in during muscle testing
51
2+
full ROM gravity eliminated with minimal resistance OR partial ROM against gravity
52
what are 4 ways to maximize reliability?
always use the same instrument, position, procedure & examiner
53
purpose of MMT (3)
(1) detect weakness, (2) detect imbalances, (3) determine ability of muscles to function in movement and provide stability and support
54
myostatic contracture
The adaptive shortening of the muscle, leading to tightness (no pathology, could be as a result of poor posture)
55
fan-shaped muscles
fibers arranged side by side (ex. pec major)
56
what can cause weakness? (5)
nerve involvement, disuse atrophy, stretch weakness, pain, fatigue
57
fusiform muscles
parallel fibers with flat tendons (ex. biceps)
58
active insufficiency
when a two joint muscle is no longer able
to generate an effective force due to being placed in a fully shortened
position
59
how do you isolate the 1 joint muscle in MMT?
put the two joint muscle on slack
60
stationary arm
parallel to stationary segment
61
scar tissue adhesions
connective tissue bound down to each other
62
when measuring ROM, what is done to the proximal segment of joint?
stabalize
63
normal ROM for IR
70 degrees
64
axis/fulcrum
in line with axis of motion
65
factors affecting PROM (2)
integrity of joint surfaces and extensibility of soft tissue
66
which motion should be more, passive or active
passive
67
how is strength affected by muscle length?
length tension relationship
68
moving arm
parallel to moving segment
69
optimal test position for MMT of 1-joint muscle
end range
70
Factors Affecting ROM (5)
(1) gender, (2) age, (3) muscle bulk, (4) joint capsule laxity, (5) skin extensibility
71
soft end feel
occurs when soft tissue come in contact (muscle on muscle)
72
characteristics of dysfunctional ROM
pain, limited ROM, compensation, unwillingness to move
73
what are the curvatures of the spine?
cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis
74
what is the purpose of the spinal curvatures?
help the spine absorb load
75
what are the main functions of the superficial (global) and deep (local) muscles of the spine?
superficial: move joints
deep: stabilize the spine
76