Exam I Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 steps of the embryological development of the nervous system?
A
-Neurolation, Cell Proliferation, Migration, Formation and synaptogenesis
2
Q
When does gastrulation occur?
A
-Day 14
3
Q
What is the embryo referred to at the stage of gastrulation?
A
-Gastrula
4
Q
What three layers form during gastrulation?
A
-The ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
5
Q
The entire nervous system is derived from what?
A
-The embryonic ectoderm
6
Q
At what day does the notochord from?
A
-21 Days
7
Q
What cell layer is the notochord located in?
A
-The mesoderm
8
Q
The notochord enduces the ectoderm to form what?
A
-The neuroectoderm
9
Q
The neuroectoderm that is much thicker than the regular ectoderm is referred to as what?
A
-Neural Plate
10
Q
At what day do the neural crests fuse to form the neural tube?
A
-28
11
Q
The neural tube goes on the form what?
A
-The entire CNS
12
Q
What does the cavity of the neural tube go on to become?
A
-The ventricular system
13
Q
What do the neural crest go onto form?
A
-The peripheral nervous system
14
Q
Where does the neural tube close first?
A
-In the thoracic region, then moves cranially and lastly caudally
15
Q
How long does the neural tube take to form?
A
-1 week
16
Q
What does the neural tube close off from once it closes?
A
-The ectoderm
17
Q
How long do the ends of the neural tube stay open?
A
-2 week
18
Q
What are the two open ends of the neural tube called?
A
-The anterior and posterior neuropore
19
Q
Failure of the posterior neuropore to close will cause what?
A
-Spine Bifida
20
Q
Failure of the anterior neuropore to close will cause what?
A
-anoncephaly
21
Q
The prosencephalan is also called what?
A
-The fore brain
22
Q
The prosencephalan goes on to split into what two structure?
A
-The telencephalan and diencephalan
23
Q
The telencephalan will go on to form what structure?
A
-Cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, Subcortical white matter, basal ganglia and the basal forebrain nuclei
24
Q
The diencephalan will go on to form what structures?
A
-Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
25
The mesencephalan is also called what?
-the midbrain
26
The mesencephalan goes on to form what structures?
-Cerebral peduncles, tectum and tegumentum
27
The rhombencephalan is also called what?
-The hind brain
28
What does the rhombencephalan divide in to?
-The metencephalan and myelinocephalan
29
What Metencephalan forms what structures?
-The pons and cerrebellum
30
The myelenocephalan forms what structures?
-Medulla
31
What flexure of the nervous system forms to divide the brain and the brain stem?
-Cephalic Flexure
32
What flexure of the nervous system forms the divide the brain and spincal cord?
-Cervical Flexure
33
What divides the neural tube in to ventral and dorsal portions?
-Sulcus Limitans
34
The dorsal portion of the neural tube is called what?
-The Alar Plate
35
That does the Alar Plate go on to form?
-Sensory Neurons and Tracts
36
What is the ventral portion of the neural tube called?
-The basal plate
37
The basal plate is the future sight of what?
-efferent motor information
38
What are the 3 cellular layers that form during proliferation?
-The Germinal layer (inner most), Mantle layer and Marginal layer (outer most)
39
The marginal layer goes onto form what?
-The lining of the central canal and ventricles
40
What is formed in the marginal layer to help move CSF>
-Cilia
41
The mantle layer goes on to form what?
-Grey matter of the spinal cord
42
The marginal layer goes on to form what?
-White matter of the spinal cord
43
At the end of proliferation how many neurons is the embryo estimated to have?
-85 million
44
What occurs in the migration stage?
-Cells move to the right location
45
What are the two types of migration?
-Radial and Tangental
46
Where does radial migration occur?
-In the Spinal cord up through the telecephalan
47
What is utilized to move cells in radial migration?
-radial glial cells
48
Where does tangential migration occur?
-Miainly in the brain stem
49
What is utilized in tangential migration to move cells?
-Axons or glial cells
50
Deficits in migration can cause what?
Dyslexia and Lissencephaly
51
What forms during the cell differentiation stage of NS development?
-Axons, Dendrites and Cranial nerves
52
What are the first cranial nerves to develop?
-"suck, gag and swallow" Nerves (CNs V. VII. IX, X, and XII)
53
When do the suck swallow and gag CNs develop?
-14 weeks
54
What are the second cranial nerves to develop?
-The visual motor system (CNs 1st II, then III, IV, and VI)
55
When do the visual motor system CNs develope?
-25 weeks
56
What are the 3rd set of CNs to develop?
-Hearing (CN VIII)
57
When do the hearing CNs develop?
-28 weeks
58
What is the 4th set of CNs to develop?
-Ole Faction (CN I)
59
When does CN I develop?
-31-32 weeks
60
What is synaptogensis associated with?
-permanent learning, ability to transfer energy throughout the nervous system
61
Synaptogenesis is the basis for what?
-plasticity
62
What creates cerebral spinal fluid?
-The choroid plexus
63
Where is the choroid plexus located?
-the floor of the lateral ventricle and roof of the third ventricle
64
Where does CSF leave the ventricular system?
-The foramen in the 4th ventricle
65
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
-Pia mater, Achachnoid Mater, Dura Mater
66
What is the portion of the meninges that drops below the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres?
-Falx Cerebri
67
What are multipolar neurons?
-Neurons that have multiple axons and dendrite
68
What type of cells are typically multipolar?
-Mammalian cells
69
What are Bipolar neurons?
-Nuerons with a single axon and dendrite
70
Where are Bipolar neurons usualy found?
-The visual and olefaction systems
71
What is a unipolar nueron?
-A neuron with the axon and dendrtie coming off from a single process
72
Where are unipolar neurons usually found?
-Invertibrates
73
What forms myelin in the CNS?
-oligodenrites
74
What forms myelin in the PNS?
-Schwann cells
75
What is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
-Glutamate
76
What in the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS?
-GABA
77
What is the neurotransmitter of the PNS?
-Acetylcholine
78
What neurotransmitter of the ANS is responsible for parasympathetic function?
-Acetylcholine
79
What neurotransmitter of the ANS is responsible for sympathetic function?
-Norepinepherine
80
What is the purpose of white matter?
-send information over long distances
81
What makes white matter white?
-Meylin
82
What structures are considered grey matter?
-Cerebral Cortex, basal ganglia, Thalamus and CN nuclie
83
What is considered the "white matter free way"?
-Fascicle or lemniscus
84
What structure connects the left and right side of the brain?
-The white matter commisure
85
In the Spinal cord, synapses occur in what?
-Grey matter
86
In the PNS, peripheral nerves are what?
-White matter
87
Where does the spinal cord end?
-L1/L2
88
What spinal nerves make up the sympathetic division of the ANS?
-T1-L3
89
What spinal nerves make up the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
-CNs III,VII,IX, and X
90
What are the left and right hemispheres of the brain divided by?
-The interhemispheric fissure
91
What is the white matter structure within the hemispheres?
-Corpus Collosum
92
What divides the Frontal and Paritietal lobes?
-Central Sulcus
93
What divides the Frontal and temporal lobes?
-Sylvian fissure
94
What divides the parietal and occipital lobes?
-Parieto-occipital fissure
95
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
-The Pre-central Gyrus of the frontal lobe
96
Where is the Primary sensory cortex located?
-The Post-Central gyrus of the parietal lobe
97
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
-Caudal portion of the occitpial lobe
98
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
-The gyrus of hechel, on the temporal lobe, just below the slyvian fissure
99
What is the 6 layers of the neocortex?
-Molecular layer, Small Pyramidal Layer, Medium Pyramidal layer, Granular Layer, Large Pyramidal layer, Polymorphic layer
100
What is the function of the molecular layer?
-Connects axons and dendrite from other layers
101
What is the function of the small pyramidal layer?
-Cortical to cortical connections
102
What is the function of the medium pyramidal layer?
-Cortical to cortical connections
103
What is the Function of the granular layer?
-Receive input from the thalamus
104
What is the function of the large pyramidal layer?
-Sends output to subcortical structures except the thalamus
105
What is the function of the Polymorphic Layer?
-Send output to the thalamus
106
What is the only tract that runs through the pyramids?
-Corticospinal tract
107
Where does the corticospinal tract originate?
-Primary motor cortex
108
Where does the corticospinal tract cross the pyramidal decussation?
-The medulla
109
Where does the corticospinal tract synapse to the lower motor neuron?
-ventral horn in the grey matter
110
What system regulate emotion, appetite and memory?
-Limbic System
111
The parietal lobe is divided into the superior and inferior lobes by what?
-Intraparietal sulcus
112
Damage to the inferior lobe of the parietal lobe may cause what?
- Gertsmann's Syndrome: Problems with caluations, left.right confusion
- Ataxia
113
Damage to right parietal lobe may cause what?
-Unilateral neglect, anasognosia
114
What lobe has the largest association area?
-Frontal
115
Where is the visual association cortex?
-Parietooccipital lobe and temporal lode
116
General appearance of the physical exam can give insight to what?
-Cognition
117
Head shape can tell what?
-If patient has tumor or hydrocephaly
118
What could stiffness in the neck signify?
-Meningeal irritation
119
What are the three most common imaging modalities?
-CT, MRI, Angriography
120
How will an acute hemorrhage appear on a CT?
-White (Hyperdense)
121
How will a hemorrhage appear on a CT after one week?
-Grey (isodense)
122
How will a hemorrhage appear on a CT after 2-3 weeks?
-Black (hypodense)
123
What is mass effect?
-anything that distorts the usual anatomy of the brain by displacement
124
How does brain matter appear on a T1 MRI?
-Grey
125
How does white matter occur on a T1 MRI?
-White
126
How does grey matter appear on a T2 MRI?
-White
127
How does white matter appear on a T2 MRI?
-Grey
128
How does water appear on a T1 MRI?
-Dark
129
How does Fat appear on a T1 MRI?
-Bright
130
How does CSF appear on a T1 MRI?
-Dark
131
How does water appear on a T2 MRI?
-Bright
132
How does fat appear on a T2 MRI?
-Dark
133
How does CSF appear on a T2 MRI?
-Very BRight
134
How does CSF appear on a FLAIR MRI?
-Dark
135
What is neuroplasticity?
-Adaptive capactity of the CNS, its ability to modify its organization and function
136
Structural/Neural Plasticity:
-Changes in the organization or number of connections among neurons
137
Unmaksing, synaptogenesis, and collateral sprouting are what type of plasticity?
-Structural
138
What is Functional Plasticity?
-Changes in the efficiency or strength of synaptic connections
139
What are the 5 parts of the Basal Ganglia:
-Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Glubus Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus, and Substantia Nigra
140
What forms the striatum of the basal ganglia?
-Caudate Nucleus and Putamen
141
What makes up the lenticular nucleus?
-Putamen and globus pallidus
142
Is the internal capsule grey or white matter?
-White
143
What is Brodmenn's Area 1-3?
-Primary Somatosensory cortex
144
Where is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (BA 1-3) located?
-Postcentral Gryus
145
What is Brodmenn's Area 4?
-Primary Motor Cortex
146
Where is the Primary Motor Cortex Located?
-Precentral gryus of
147
What is Brodmenn's Area 17?
-Primary Visual Cortex
148
Where is the primary Visual cortex located?
-The banks of the Calcanine Fissure of the occipital lobe
149
What is Brodmenn's Area 18?
-Secondary Visual Cortex
150
Where is the secondary visual cortex locater?
-The medial and later occipital gyri
151
What is Brodmenn's Area 22?
-Higher order auditory cortex/Wernickes area?
152
Where is the higher order auditory cortex located?
-Superior Temporal Gyrus
153
What is Brodmenn's Area 41?
-Primary Auditory Cortex
154
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
-Gyrus of Heschl/Superior Temporal Gryus
155
What is Brodmenn's Area 42?
-Secondary Auditory Cortex
156
Where is the secondary auditory cortex located?
-Gryus of Heschl/Superior Temporal Gryus
157
What is Brodmenn's Area 44/45?
- Lateral Premotor Cortex/Broca's Area
| 45: Prefrontal Association Cortex
158
Where is the lateral premotor cortex lacoted?
-Inferior Frontal Gryus
159
What is CN I?
-Olefactory Nerve
160
What is the function of CN I?
-Smell
161
Where does CN I attach to the brain?
-Ole Factory Bulb
162
What is CN II?
-Optic Nerve
163
Where does CN II attach to the brain?
-Lateral Geniculate of the Thalamus
164
What is CN III?
-Occulomotor Nerve
165
What is the function of CN III?
-Eye Movement except abduction and downward Medial rotation
166
Where does CN III attach to the brain?
-Midbrain
167
What is CN IV?
-Trochlear
168
What is the function of CN IV?
-Downward Medially rotates the eye
169
Where does CN IV attach to the brain?
-Midbrain
170
What is CN V?
-Trigeminal
171
What is the function of CN V?
-Sensation to the face and muscles of mastication
172
Where does CN V attach to the brain?
-Pons
173
What is CN VI?
-Abducens
174
What is the function CN VI?
-Abducts Eye
175
Where does CN VI attach to the brain?
-Pons
176
What is CN VII?
-Facial Nerve
177
What is the function of CN VII?
-Muscle of facial expression & Tears, Salvation and Tasta
178
Where does CN VII attach to the brain?
-Pons
179
What is CN VIII?
-Vestibulochochlear
180
What is the function of CN VIII?
-Hearing and Vestibular Senses
181
What is CN IX?
-Glossopharyngeal
182
What is the function of CN IX?
-Taste, sensory to tongue and pharynx
183
Where does CN IX attach to the brain?
-Medulla
184
What is CN X?
-Vagus
185
What is the function of CN X?
-Parasympathetic Stimulation
186
Where does CN X attach to the brain?
-Medulla
187
What is CN XI?
-Spinal Accessory
188
What is the function of CN XI?
-Motor to SCOM and Upper Trap
189
Where does CN XI attach to the brain?
-IT doesnt, arises from C1-C5/6 spinal nerve
190
What is CN XII?
-Hypoglossal
191
What is the function of the CN XII?
-Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
192
Where does CN XII attach to the brain?
-Medulla
193
What is Brodmenn's Area 5?
-Teriary Somatosensory Cortex/Posterior Parietal Association Cortex
194
Where is Brodmenn's Area 5 Located?
-Lobule
195
What is the Function of Brodmenn's Area 5?
-Sterogenesis
196
What is Brodmenn's Area 7?
-Posterior Parietal Association Area
197
What is the function of Brodmenn's Area 7?
-Supeerior Parietal Lobule
198
Damage to what will cause Gerstmann's Syndrome?
-Dominant Parietal Lobe
199
Damage to what area will cause Apraxia?
-Dominant Hemisphere, Parietal Cortex
200
Muscle Atrophy is indicative of damage to what area of the NS?
-LMN
201
Hoffmann's Sign tests for what type of pathology?
-Cervical Spine
202
Positive Babinski's sign means what?
-An UMN lesion somewhere along the corticospinal tract
203
What two reflexes may be present with frontal lobe damage?
-Glabellar Response & Palmomental Reflex
204
What should you test for to test the anterolateral tract?
-Sharp vs Dull
205
What should you test to test the DCML Tract?
-Vibration on ball of toe
