Exam IV Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
Where does the cerebellum receive information from?
A
-receive information from the brain and spinal cord about body positioning and movement
2
Q
How does the cerebellum exert its force?
A
-it sends information back to the motor systems of the cerebellum and brainstem to correct the movement
3
Q
What is the main goal of the cerebellum?
A
-To detect erroneous movements and correct them
4
Q
What is the three main functions of the cerebellum?
A
-provide synergy of movement, maintain upright posture, and maintains muscle tone
5
Q
What does the lateral regions and intermediate zone of the cerebellum control?
A
-The limbs
6
Q
What does the vermis and fluccular nodular lobes of the cerebellum control?
A
-Trunk movement
7
Q
Lesions to the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum will affect what?
A
-motor planning for extremities (lateral corticocspinal tract)
8
Q
Lesions to the intermediate zone of the cerebellum will effect what?
A
-Coordination of the distal limbs (corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts)
9
Q
Lesions to the vermis or flucculonodular lobe will affect what?
A
-Proxial limb and trunk coordination, balance and ocular reflexes
10
Q
Outputs from the cerebellum go through which nuclei?
A
-Deep cerebellar and vestibular
11
Q
What are the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei?
A
-Dentate, Emboliform, globase, and fatigial
12
Q
What is the largest and most lateral deep cerebellar nuclei?
A
-Dentate
13
Q
Where does the denatae nuclees receive input from?
A
the lateral zones
14
Q
When is the dentate nucleus active and what does it work on?
A
-it is active before voluntary movement and works on the limbs
15
Q
What makes up the interform nuclei?
A
-The emboliform and globase nuclei
16
Q
Where does the interform nucleus receive input from?
A
-The intermediate zones
17
Q
What does the interform nucleus work on?
A
-The limbs
18
Q
what does the fatigial nucleus work with?
A
-The vestibular nuclei
19
Q
what does the fastigial nucleus affect?
A
-The trunk
20
Q
Where does the fatigeal nucleus receive information from?
A
-the vermis
21
Q
Where does the vestibular nuclei receive information from?
A
-The vermis and flocculi
22
Q
What fibers climb into the molecular layer, and split into parrallel fibers?
A
-Mossy layer
23
Q
What do the mossy fibers become interwoven in?
A
-the perkinjie cells
24
Q
Where do the mossy fibers send information?
A
-deep cerrebellar and vestibular nuclei
25
The climbing fibers weave around what?
-The perkinjie fibers, then go the the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei
26
What are the excitatory fibers of the cerebellum?
-The mossy and climbing fibers
27
What are the inhibitory fibers of the cerebellum?
-Perkinjie fibers
28
Decreased inhibition from the perkinjie fibers will cause what?
-More excitiation from the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei
29
A lesion to the left side of the cerebellum will cause ataxia where?
-On the left side (deficits are ispilateral)
30
Midline lesions of the cerebellum will cause what?
-Unsteady gate
31
Lesions lateral to the vermis will cause what?
-Limb ataxia
32
Output from the intermediate cerebellar hemisphere exits where?
- First exits the superior cerebellar peduncle then crosses
| - and crosses back at the pyramidal decussation and ventral tegmental decussation
33
Fibers from the intermediate cerebellar hemisphere that cross at the pryamidal decussation will influence what motor system?
-corticospinal tract
34
Fibers from the intermediate cerebellar hemisphere that cross and the ventral tegmental decussation will effect what motor system?
-Rubrospinal tract
35
Why dont lesions to the vermis cause unilateral deficits?
-the medial motor systems control the trunk bilaterallt
36
Input from the pontocerebellar fibers brings information from where?
-Mainly the primary sensory and motor cortex, but also a aprt of the visual cortex
37
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract carries information about what?
-Unconscious proprioception of the LEs
38
The cuneocerebellar tract carries information about what?
-Unconscious proprioception about the UEs
39
The ventral spinocerebellar tract carried information about what?
-The amount of activity in the descending pathways of the LEs
40
The rostal spinocerebellar tract carried information about what?
-The amount of activity in the descending pathways of the UEs
41
Where does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract synapse?
-The nucleus dorsalis of clark
42
Information on the right dorsal spinocerebellar tract will send info to what side of the cerebellum?
-The right (it does not cross)
43
Where does information from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?
-The inferior cerebellar peduncles
44
Describe the pathway of Right LE proprioception to the cerebellum
-travels in the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway, travels up and synapses and the nucleus dorsalis of clark, enter the right side of the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
45
Where does the cuneocerebellar tract enter the spinal cord?
-at the fascilculus cuneatus
46
Where does the cuneocerebellar tract synapse?
-the external cuneate nucleus
47
Where does the cuneucerebellar tract end?
-The pateral portion of the ipsilateral cerebellum
48
What 3 arteries supply the cerebellum?
- The superior cerebellar artery
- AICA
- PICA
49
What supplies blood to the superior cerebellum?
-The superior cerebellar artery
50
What is the superior cerebellar artery a branch of?
-Basillar artery
51
What artery supplies the cerebellar peduncles?
-The AICA
52
What does AICA branch from?
-The basilar artey
53
What does PICA branch from?
-Vertibral arteries
54
What are the most common arteries of the cerebellum to infarct?
-The PICA and SCA
55
How can you differentiate between and SCA and PICA infarct?
-PICA will have brainstem signs
56
An AICA infarct will have what other defecits?
-Unilateral hearing loss
57
What are mild symptoms that may hing to a cerebellar hemorrhage?
-Stomach ache then posterior head ache before ataxia
58
What are the signs and symptoms of a cerebellar hemorrhage?
-Headache, ataxia and nystagmust
59
Why would a cerebellar hemorrhage cause nystagmus?
-Because it can can CN VI palsy
60
Truncal ataxia results from lesions to what?
-The vermis
61
Patients with a lesion of the vermis will have what type of gait?
-Wide based
62
A lesion to the intermediate and lateral zone of the cerebellum will cause what?
-Limb ataxia
63
An SCA infarct will cause what?
-Truncal and limb ataxia
64
Though truncal ataxias are commonly bilateral, how can you tell which side the lesion may be on?
-The patient may fall or sway towards the side of the lesion
65
How can you tell the difference between a cerebellar lesion and an DCML lesion?
-Position sense should be better with eyes open and worse with eyes closes
66
Where will headache associated with cerebellar lesions be?
-On the side of the lesion
67
UMN lesions can cause what?
-Slow, clumsy movement of extremities
68
Severe lesions to the DCML can also cause what?
-Ataxia
69
What is in the striatum of the BG?
-The caudate and putamen
70
What is in the lenticular nucleus of the basal ganglia?
-Putamen and Globus Pallidus
71
Where does input from the cortex go to in the BG?
-The striatum (caadate and putamen)
72
Most inputs to the BG are what?
-Excitatory (uses glutamate)
73
Output from the BG goes where and via what?
-The thalamus via the globus pallidus an substantia nigra
74
Resting state occurs due to inhibition of what?
-The thalamus
75
How does the BG inhibit the thalamus?
-By sending inhibitory messages via the GP internal segments and substantia nigra pars reticularis
76
Excitation of what pathway results in movement?
-The direct pathway
77
Which pathway causes inhibition?
-indirect pathway
78
The basal gangle affects what?
-Regulation of movement, regulation of eye movements, cognitive processes (prefrontal channel), regulation of emotions (limbic channel)
79
What might caue parkinsons
-Toxic exposure, head traume, estrogen, or mitchondrial dysfunction
80
What is the average age of onset of PD?
-40 to 70
81
what gender is normally effects by PD?
-Males
82
What are the essential features of PD?
-bradykinesia, 4 hertz resting tremor, postural instability, rigidty
83
symptons of PD are what at onset?
-Unilateral
84
Patients with PD are more at risk for what?
-Falls
85
What can you train to help improve a PD patients step length?
-Arm swing
86
What type of resting tremors might a PD patient have?
-Pill rolling and rabbit (mouth)
87
What type of rigidity will PD patients have?
-Cogwheel
88
What will be the rate of a kinetic tremor of a PD patient?
-8 hertz
89
What are some other clinical features of PD?
- Anosmia (loss of smell)
- Micrographia: (small writing)
- Orthostatic hypotension
- dystonia
- Dementia
90
What will PD not effect?
- strength
- reflexes
- babinskis
- sensory
91
PD patients will respond to what drug?
-Levodopa
92
How can you tell PD from parkinsonism
-Parkinsonism will not have a resting tremor, will be bilateral from onset, and will not respond to levodopa
93
The degeneration of what leads to PD?
-Substantia Nigra
94
The depletion of dopamine also interferes with what?
-Learning of new memory
95
What pathway takes over in PD?
-Direct
96
What is most effected in huntingtons disease?
-The caudate nucleus
97
What are the clinical signs of huntingtons?
-Excess movement, depression, OCD, Manic behaviot,
98
What is the average onset of Huntingtons disease?
-30-50
99
The degerneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen (straitum) effects what pathway?
-Indirect
100
Degenertation of the caudaute nucleus will cause what to enlarge?
-The lateral ventricles
101
What is in the limbic cortex?
-cingulate gyrus and the parrahippocampal gyrus
102
What is the limbic cortex responsible for?
-homeostasis, olfaction, memory and emotion
103
What is the key structure of olfaction in the limbic cortex?
-olfactory cortex
104
What is the key function for memory in the limbic cortex?
-hippocampal formation
105
What is the key structure for emotions and drive in the limbic cortex?
-Amygdala
106
What is the key structure for homeostasis in the limbic cortex?
-The hypothalamus
107
What type of communication does the limbic cortex have?
-Bidirectional
108
What does the septal areas play a role in?
-emotion, learning, automatic responses, drinking, eating, and sexual activity
109
The cingulate gyrus wraps around what?
-the corpus callosum
110
the parrahippicampal gyrus is in the medial aspect of the what?
-Temporal lobe
111
what does the insular cortex play a role in?
-Addiction
112
Lesions to the orbitofrontal lobe will cause what?
-a non-emotional state, minimal response to pain, decrease motivation, cognitive perseveration
113
What is usually still intact with an orbitofrontal lobe lesion?
-IQ score
114
Lesions to the inferior temproal lobe will cause what impossible?
-Learning a visual task
115
What is the septal nuclei responsible for?
-Pleasure, modulate memory, desire to eat, reproduce etc
116
Lesions to the septal nuclei are associated with what?
-Eating Disorder
117
What is responsible for the emotional response to senations?
-The Thalamus
118
Lesions to the hypothalmus may cause a loss of the drive to what?
-Eat
119
Lesions to the periaqueductal grey causes what?
-mutism, indifference to pain
120
Smell and the sensation of taste takes place where?
-The Rhinencephalon
121
Where does smell descrimination take place?
-The orbitofrontal olfactory area
122
Odor stimulates unmyelinated axons that attach to what?
-The glomerus
123
what type of cells transfer smell to the olefactory nucleus?
-Mitral and Tufted cells
124
Smell can cross over to the contralateral olfactory nucleus via what?
-The meaidal olfactory stia through the anterior commisure
125
The lateral olfactory stia go where?
-Uncrossed to the primary olfactory cortex
126
Fibers from the olfactory tract project where?
-the cortical medial nucleus of the amygdala, and the ol factory tubercle
127
What is the role of the amygdala with smell?
-connects mind and emotion
128
What is the role of the olfactory tubercle with smell?
-Emotional side of smell
129
What re the 3 main nuclei of the amygdala?
-Corticomedial, central and Basolateral
130
What are the clinical presentations of a lesion to the amygdala?
-flat effect, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavrior, socially embarassing
131
What is Kulver Bucy Syndrome?
-Cause by a bilateral lesion to the temporal lobe: symptoms include visual agnosia, hyperreality, hypersexuality
132
Where does the amygdala recieve information from?
-sensory systems, mediodorsal thalamus, hypothalamus, septal area, periaqueductal grey, and solitary nucleus
133
Most connections of the amygdala are what and deal with what?
-Bidirectional and deal with the emotional aspect of memory
134
Smell and memory are linked where?
-The amygdala
135
What is the main output of the amygdala?
-Stria Terminalis
136
Where does the stria terminalis run?
-Through the anterior commisure to either the septal nuclei or hypothalamus
137
What is the output pathway of the amygdala that projects along the base of the brain?
-the ventral amygdalofugal tract
138
What are the two main regions for memory formation?
-The medial temporal lobe and the medial deicephalic area
139
What are the two areas of memory formation in the medial temporal lobe?
-Hippicampal formation, and the parrahippicampal gyrus
140
What are the two areas of memory formation of the medial diencaphalic area?
-mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei, mamillary bodies and the diencephalic nuclei lining the third ventricle
141
What is the main circuit associated with memory and emotions?
-The circuit of Papaz
142
Does the circuit of papaz have a more signifiant role in emotion or memory?
-Memory
143
What is cerebral lateralization?
-When one side of the brain take over primary functino over the otherside to eliminate delay
144
Language is predominently controlled by what hemisphere?
-The left (dominant)
145
Perception is predominately in what hemisphere?
-The right
146
The left hemisphere is dominate in what percent of right handed people?
-95 %
147
The left hemisphere is dominate in what percent of left handers?
-60 to 70%
148
What is the function of the posterior parietal and temporal association cortex?
-interperates conceptual data, assigns meaning to sensory information
149
What is the role of the frontal association/prefrontal cortex?
-deals with planning, control and execution of actions
150
What is the role of the dominant hemisphere?
-language, praxis, arithmatic (sequencing). music (sequencing), and sense of direction (sequencing)
151
What is the role of the non-dominant hemisphere?
-Emotion of language (tone), spatial analysis and attention, arithmatic (estimation), muscial ability (complex musical ability), direction (over all sense of spatial orientation)
152
Where is brocas areas?
-Frontal lobe
153
Where is wenickes area?
-Temporal lobe
154
What does brocas area communicate with?
-prefrontal and premotor cortex: mainly for higher order motor aspect of speech
155
Wernickes area deal mainly with what?
-Speech comprehension
156
What plays a strong role in written language and reading?
-Angular gyrus
157
What is the most common cause of aphasia?
-Stroke
158
What type of aphasia will a left MCA superior infarct cause?
-Brocas aphasia
159
What is another name for brocas aphasia?
-nonfluent, motor, or expressive
160
Someone with brocas aphasia may also have what?
-Apraxia (frontal lobe involvement)
161
A left MCA inferior division infarct will cause what type of aphasia?
-Wernickes
162
A person with wernickes aphasia may also have what?
-Visual defecits (optic radiation involvement)
163
An ACA infarct with watershed could cause what type of aphasia?
-Brocas
164
A PCA infact with watershed could cause what type of aphasia?
-Wernickes
165
A large infacrct to the MCA would cause what?
-Global Aphasia
166
What cause conduction aphasia?
-lesions to the arcuate fasciculus
167
What is impaired reading?
-Alexia
168
What is impaired writing?
-Agraphia
169
What is agraphia, aclaculi. R/L disorientatin and finger agnosia?
-Gerstmann's Syndrome
170
What causes cortical deafness?
-lesions to hechls gyrus
171
Someone how can not unerstand spoken words but can understand nonverbal sounds has had a lesion to what hemisphere?
-Dominant
172
Someone who can understand words but not nonverbal sounds has had a lesion to what?
-Nondominant hemisphere
173
What type of apraxia is it when somone cannot plan the movement?
-Ideamotor
174
What is ideational apraxia?
-When someone uses an object wrong
175
What is aphemia?
-Verbal apraxia
176
Lesions to what side of the brain cause noticable neglect of the contralateral side?
-Right nondominant
177
Where to attentional rays go from the right hemisphere?
-A strong to the right and left side
178
Where do attentional rays from the left hemisphere go?
-not as strong and only to the right
179
What lesions will cause neglect?
-Right sided and bilateral
180
The right nondominant hemisphere is more known for what?
-spatial processing and preceptions
181
Lesions to the periatal association cortex on the right side will cause an inability to do what?
-spacially navigate the environment or perceive whats in it
182
Patients with sensory neglect will ignore what?
-Stimuli from the contralateral side
183
What will a patient will motor neglect not do?
-Move their body parts to the opposite side
184
What neglect is most severe?
-Conceptual
185
A person with a nondominant hemisphere lesion will have difficulty with what?
-putting things together
186
What is capras syndrome?
-think family and friends have been replaced with identical looking imposters
187
What is fragolis syndrome?
-beleive different people are the same person in disguise
188
What is reduplicative paramnesia?
-beleive that a person, place or thing exists as two identical copies
189
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
-RIO: Restraint, Initiative, Order
190
What is restraint as it pertains to the frontal lobe?
-good judgment, delaying gratification, inhibiting innapropriate responsese
191
What is initiative as it pertains to the frontal lobe?
-Motivation, drive, personality and felxibility
192
What is order as it pertains to the frontal lobe?
-to have working memory, planning, sequencing, organization and reasoning
193
What is the largest part of the frontal lobe?
-Prefrontal lobe
194
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
-executive function
195
What does the prefrontal cortex communicate with?
-anterior-cingulate gyrus and orbital frontal cortex
196
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
-Attention span, motivation, problem solving, understanding social normal and prognostication
197
What does the prefrontal cortex mainly communicate with?
-parietal-occipital association cortex
198
Damage to the left prefrontal cortex can also cause what?
-Language deficits
199
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deals mainly with what?
-working memory, learning new material, shifting attention between tasks and intuition
200
The orbitalfrontal lobe (more medial) deal with?
-deals with impulse control judgment control and judging social situations
201
Damage to the dorsolateral convexity will cause a patient to appear what?
-apathetic, lifeless, ambulic
202
Lesions to the ventromedial orbitofrontal areas will causewhat?
-impulsive behavior, poor judgment, and disinhibited behavior
203
Lesions to the left frontal lobe will cause what?
-depression
204
Lesions to the right frontal lobe will cause what?
-behavioral distrubances
