Exam III Flashcards by Alexander Crist

What aspect of the retina receive information from the superior visual field?

-The lower part

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The right side of the visual field projects on the what part of the retina?

-the left side

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The normal visual field projects more in what directions?

-lateral and inferiorly

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What part of the retina has the highest visual acuity?

-the Fovea

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What surrounds the Fovea?

-The macula

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The outermost layer of the retina contains what type of cells?

-Rods and cones (Bipolar Cells)

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Cones are responsible for what?

-high resolution images; can detect color

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What a Rods responsible for?

-provide visual images in low light; do not detect color

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The middle layer of the retina receive information from where? projects it to where?

-receive input from the photo receptors and send it to the ganglion layer

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What are the two types of cells in the ganglion layer?

-Parasal and Midget cell

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What do parasal cells do?

-respond to gross stimuli, not very detailed

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Where do parasol send info?

-LGN of the thalamus

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What are midget cells responsible for?

-respond to very small visual details and colors

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Where to the midget cells send info?

-parvo cellular layer of the LGN

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The optic nerve carries information from which visual field?

-Entire field of the ipsilateral eye

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Which fibers cross at the optic chiasm?

-Nasal Fibers

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Damage to the optic chiasm causes what?

-Bitemporal hemiaopsia (tunnel vision)

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The right optic track carries information from which visual fields?

Left temporal feild and right nasal feild
Right side of each retine
Left Visual field

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Where does the optic tract synapse?

-LGN of the thalamus

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What forms the extrageniculate visual pathways?

-a few fibers that bypass the LGN and enter the superior Colliculus and pretecal areas

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What is the pretecto area involved in?

-pupillary light reflex

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The pretecto areas and superior colliculus are responsible for what?

-Drawing vision to a stimulus

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The optic radiations carry information for which visual fields?

-contralateral

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Inferior fibers (myers loop) pass through what and end where?

-pass through the temporal lobe and end at the lower bank of the calcarine fissue

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The inferior fibers of the optic radiations carry information from which visual feild?

-Contralateral Superior Field

Damage to the inferior optic radiation (or to the temporal lobe) can cause what visual deficit? )

-contralateral superior quadrantopia (pie in the sky)

The superior fibers of the optic radiations pass through where and end where?

-Pass through the parietal lobe and end at the superior bank of the calcarine fissure

The superior optic radiation carries information from which visual field?

-Contralateral inferior feild

The dorsal pathway answer what question of vision?

-the "where"

The ventral pathways answer what question with vision?

-the "what"

Visual hallucinations arise from where?

-The inferior temporo-occipital association cortex

Total vision loss from one eye is usually caused by a lesion to where?

-Lesion to the ipsilateral optic nerve or entire retina

What is a scotoma?

-a small blind spot caused by damage to the retina

A contralateral hemianopsia can be a result of lesions where?

-optic track, LGN, optic radiation or PVC

Macular sparing usually occurs with what type of lesions?

-Cortical

Damage to the occipital pole causes visual loss where?

- centrally, with peripheral sparing

The retina receives blood from where?

-Branches of the opthalmic artery; the branches into the retinal artery

Occlusion of the superior retinal artery will cause the loss of vision to what visual field?

-ipsilateral lower field

What is the function of CN I?

-Smell (olefactory)

Where does CN I exit the skull?

-Cribiform plate

Where does CN I attach?

-Olefactory bulb (cortex)

What is anosmia?

-Olfactory sensory loss (loss of smell)

What can cause anosmia?

-Head trauma, viral infections, PD, Alzheimer's, intracranial lesions

Where are the nuclei for CN II?

-LGN of the thalamus

How does CN II exit the skull?

-Optic Canal

Where are the nuclei for CN III and IV?

-Midbrain

Where are the nuclei for CN VI?

-Pons

How do CN's III, IV, & VI exit the skull?

-Superior Orbital Fissure

Where does CN III exit the brain stem?

-ventrally from the intrapenduncular fossa

Where does CN VI exit the brainstem?

-Dorsally from the inferior tectum

Where does CN VI exit the brainstem?

-Ventrally from the pontomedullary junction

What are the 3 divisions of CN V?

-Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular

The Opthalmic, and Maxillary divisions of CN V provide sensation to the face, what is the function of the Mandibular Branch?

-Motor to the muscle of mastication?

Where does CN V exit the brain stem?

-Venterolateral pons

Once CN V exits the brainstem, what does it enter?

-Meckel's Cave

How does the Opthalmic division of CN V exit the skull?

-runs through the inferior part of the cavernous sinus and exits via the superior orbital fissure

How does the maxillary division of CN V exit the skull?

-Foramen Rotundum

How does the Mandibular branch of CN V exit the skull?

-Foramen Ovale

Trigeminal Nueralgia mainly effects what branches of CN V?

-V2 and V3

What is the main function of CV VII?

-Motor to Muscle of Facial expression

What other functions does CN VII have?

-tear production, salivation, and taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tough

Where are the nuclei of CN VII located?

-Caudal Pons

Where does CN VII exit the brainstem?

-Venterolaterally at the pontomedullary junction LATERAL to CN VI

The main portion of CN VII exits the skull where?

-Stylomastoid Foramen

A portion of CN VII travels where?

-Transverese the subarachnoid space and enters the internal auditory meatus

UMN lesions of CN VII tend to spare muscles in what region of the face?

-forehead

LMN lesions to CN VII tend to effect what?

-The entire ipsilateral 1/2 of the face, and no neiborhooding effect

Bells Palsy will present as what?

-Unilateral LMN facial weakness

Where does CN VII exit the brainstem?

-at the pontomedullar junction LATERAL to CN VII

Where Does CN VIII run?

-Through the subarachnoid space and into the internal auditory meatus

What is the function of CN IX?

-Sensation to the posterior tongue and pharynx, salivation and cortid body reflex

Where does CN IX exit the brainstem?

-along the venterolateral medulla as several rootlets between the inferior olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle

Where does CN IX run?

-It transverse the subarachnoid space and exits via the jugular foramen

What is the function of CN X?

-provide parasympathetic information to the heart, lungs, and GI Tract

What is the motor function of CN X?

-motor to the pharynx, upper esophagus, and larynx | also to the heart, lungs, and GI tract

Where does CN X exit the brain stem?

-The venterolateral medulla, just below CN IX between the inferior olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle, as serveral rootlets

CN XI arises from where?

-from the upper 5 or 6 cervical segments

Where is the nucleus for CN XI?

-protrudes laterally between the ventral and dorsal horn grey matter

Where does CN XI run?

-Run up and through Foramen Magnum, and exits the skull via the jugular foramen

What is the function of CN XI?

-Motor to the upper trap and SCOM Muscles

What is the function of CN XII?

-Tongue movement (motor)

Where does CN XII exit the skull?

-the ventral medulla, between the inferior olive and inferior olivary nucleus in the hypoglossal foremen

What CN provides sensation to the meninges?

-Trigiminal and Vagus

What CNs provide general visceral sensation?

-Vagus, Facial, and Glossopharyngeal

What is the function of Norepinephrine?

-Alertness and Mood elevation

What is the function of dopamine?

-Movement, movement initiation and working memory

What is the function of serotonin?

-Alertness, mood elevation, breathing control

What are stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle?

-nonREM Sleep

What are stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle controlled by?

-Serotonergic receptors of the raphe nuclie

What is stage 5 of the sleep cycle?

-REM sleep

What is stage 5 of the sleep cycle controlled by?

-Nonadrenergic neurons of the locus cereleus

High frequencies vibrate hair cells where?

-in the oval window

From the oval window, vibrations enter where?

-Scala Vestibuli

Lower frequencies activate hair cells where?

-near the apex of the cochlea

Where is the scala tympani found?

-the apex of the chochlea

What does Renee's Test test for?

-Conductive hearling loss

The subcortical arousal system in the upper brain stem used what neurotransmitters?

-Serotonin, dopamine and norepinphrine

The subcortical arousal system in the upper brain stem and pontomedullary reticular formation used what neurotransmitters?

-Acetylcholine, Glutamate

The subcortical arousal system in the Posterior Hypothalamic nuerons use what neurotransmitters?

-Orexin and Histamine

The subcortical arousal system in the Basal forebrain use what neurotransmitters?

-Acetylcholine

The subcortical arousal system in the thalamic nueclei use what neurotransmitters?

-Glutamate